{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389206892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239531","title":"MIC: Microwave Imaging Curtain for Dynamic and Automatic Detection of Weapons and Explosive Belts","display_name":"MIC: Microwave Imaging Curtain for Dynamic and Automatic Detection of Weapons and Explosive Belts","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389206892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239531","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9531/pdf?version=1701344436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9531/pdf?version=1701344436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016673943","display_name":"R\u00e9mi Baqu\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801658355","display_name":"Office National d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/005y2ap84","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R\u00e9mi Baqu\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONERA/DEMR, F-13661 Salon de Provence, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA/DEMR, F-13661 Salon de Provence, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108630225","display_name":"L. Vignaud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204730241","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05f82e368","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Vignaud","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONERA/DEMR, Universit\u00e9 de Paris-Saclay F-91123 Palaiseau, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA/DEMR, Universit\u00e9 de Paris-Saclay F-91123 Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I204730241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090726042","display_name":"Valentine Wasik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-8767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentine Wasik","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONERA/DEMR, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, F-31055 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA/DEMR, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, F-31055 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089955560","display_name":"Nicolas Castet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801658355","display_name":"Office National d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/005y2ap84","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Castet","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONERA/DEMR, F-13661 Salon de Provence, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONERA/DEMR, F-13661 Salon de Provence, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034842940","display_name":"Reinhold Herschel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-3325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090867","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques","ror":"https://ror.org/00a6rw165","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090867","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reinhold Herschel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FHR, D-53343 Wachtberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FHR, D-53343 Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103179330","display_name":"Harun Cetinkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-2986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harun Cetinkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Integrated Systems, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-2986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Integrated Systems, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008075161","display_name":"Thomas Brandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-8646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098248","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/00trw9c49","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Brandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer SCAI, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer SCAI, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016673943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801658355"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49123611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9531","last_page":"9531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-detection","display_name":"Explosive detection","score":0.5198112726211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.5151797533035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49261122941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4289698004722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3842713534832001}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779461545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421441","display_name":"Explosive detection","level":3,"score":0.5198112726211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.5151797533035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49261122941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4289698004722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3842713534832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9531/pdf?version=1701344436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708795","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708795/pdf/sensors-23-09531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04425771v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04425771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, 2023, 23 (23), pp.9531. &#x27E8;10.3390/s23239531&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e191053d9aa147dbbbbc8388add87283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e191053d9aa147dbbbbc8388add87283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9531 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/458255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/458255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9531/pdf?version=1701344436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389206892.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526188785","https://openalex.org/W1968844530","https://openalex.org/W1984600520","https://openalex.org/W2009812406","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2043906693","https://openalex.org/W2148461049","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2802126305","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2995854782","https://openalex.org/W3159137032","https://openalex.org/W6642430288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360372803","https://openalex.org/W2383257194","https://openalex.org/W2538864173","https://openalex.org/W2134017570","https://openalex.org/W2468793055","https://openalex.org/W2390524628","https://openalex.org/W627696368","https://openalex.org/W4280652885","https://openalex.org/W2358713426","https://openalex.org/W2061571732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DEXTER":[0,103],"(detection":[1],"of":[2,25,31,46,55,74,80,83,88,95,141,157,161,184,195,205,294,326],"explosives":[3,36,206],"and":[4,18,33,37,61,90,101,110,124,135,138,186,189,207,292,316,324],"firearms":[5,38,252],"to":[6,106,113,130,146,170,201,250,283],"counter":[7],"terrorism)":[8],"is":[9,119,144,168,215,242,298],"a":[10,191,218,229,262,278,306,339,343],"project":[11,104,118,167],"funded":[12],"by":[13,159,178,212,223,274],"NATO's":[14],"Science":[15],"for":[16],"Peace":[17],"Security":[19],"(SPS)":[20],"program":[21],"with":[22,232],"the":[23,44,64,78,81,86,155,179,224,313,321,327],"goal":[24],"developing":[26],"an":[27,162,233],"integrated":[28],"system":[29,193,221],"capable":[30,194],"remotely":[32],"accurately":[34],"detecting":[35],"in":[39,52,77,199,246,260,281,287,342],"public":[40,56],"places":[41,57],"without":[42],"impeding":[43],"flow":[45],"pedestrians.":[47],"While":[48],"body":[49,248],"scanner":[50],"systems":[51],"secure":[53],"areas":[54],"are":[58],"becoming":[59],"more":[60,62],"efficient,":[63],"attack":[65],"at":[66,277],"Brussels":[67],"airport":[68],"on":[69,121,217,301],"22":[70],"March":[71],"2016,":[72],"upstream":[73],"these":[75,142,295],"systems,":[76],"middle":[79],"crowd":[82],"passengers,":[84],"demonstrated":[85],"lack":[87],"discreet":[89],"real-time":[91,200,334],"security":[92],"against":[93],"threats":[94],"mass":[96],"terrorism.":[97],"The":[98,209],"NATO-SPS":[99],"international":[100],"multi-year":[102],"aims":[105],"provide":[107],"new":[108],"technical":[109],"strategic":[111],"solutions":[112],"fill":[114],"this":[115],"gap.":[116],"This":[117,166,309],"based":[120,216],"multi-sensor":[122],"coordination":[123],"fusion,":[125],"from":[126],"hyperspectral":[127],"remote":[128],"laser":[129],"smart":[131],"glasses,":[132],"artificial":[133],"algorithms,":[134],"suspect":[136],"identification":[137],"tracking.":[139],"One":[140],"sensors":[143],"dedicated":[145],"threat":[147],"detection":[148,204,286,291],"(large":[149],"weapon":[150],"or":[151],"explosive":[152],"belt)":[153],"using":[154,228,305],"clothing":[156],"pedestrians":[158],"means":[160],"active":[163],"microwave":[164,240],"component.":[165],"referred":[169],"as":[171,318,320],"MIC":[172],"(Microwave":[173],"Imaging":[174],"Curtain),":[175],"also":[176],"supported":[177],"French":[180],"SGDSN":[181],"(General":[182],"Secretariat":[183],"Defense":[185],"National":[187],"Security),":[188],"utilizes":[190],"radar":[192,219,303],"generating":[196],"3D":[197,239,264,302],"images":[198,304],"address":[202],"non-checkpoint":[203],"firearms.":[208],"project,":[210],"led":[211],"ONERA":[213],"(France),":[214],"imaging":[220,241,265,335],"developed":[222],"Fraunhofer":[225],"FHR":[226],"institute,":[227],"MIMO":[230],"architecture":[231],"Ultra-Wide":[234],"Band":[235],"waveform.":[236],"Although":[237],"high-resolution":[238,263],"already":[243],"being":[244],"used":[245],"expensive":[247],"scanners":[249],"detect":[251,269],"concealed":[253],"under":[254],"clothing,":[255],"MIC's":[256],"innovative":[257],"approach":[258],"lies":[259],"utilizing":[261],"device":[266],"that":[267],"can":[268],"larger":[270],"dangerous":[271,296],"objects":[272,297],"carried":[273,299],"moving":[275],"individuals":[276],"longer":[279],"range,":[280],"addition":[282],"providing":[284],"discrete":[285],"pedestrian":[288],"flow.":[289],"Automatic":[290],"classification":[293],"out":[300],"deep-learning":[307],"network.":[308],"paper":[310],"will":[311,332],"outline":[312],"project's":[314],"objectives":[315],"constraints,":[317],"well":[319],"design,":[322],"architecture,":[323],"performance":[325],"final":[328],"system.":[329],"Additionally,":[330],"it":[331],"present":[333],"results":[336],"obtained":[337],"during":[338],"live":[340],"demonstration":[341],"relevant":[344],"environment.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
