{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389203119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239500","title":"Threat Modeling for Communication Security of IoT-Enabled Digital Logistics","display_name":"Threat Modeling for Communication Security of IoT-Enabled Digital Logistics","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389203119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239500","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239500","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9500/pdf?version=1701256925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9500/pdf?version=1701256925","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069535966","display_name":"Aisha Kanwal Junejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-3771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Kanwal Junejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK","School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-3771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012171637","display_name":"Michael Breza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Breza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070139392","display_name":"Julie A. McCann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9786-7257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julie A. McCann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive Emergent Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070139392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.2654,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92722736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9500","last_page":"9500"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7229397892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6387881636619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5690330862998962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5593901872634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.5007922649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.49509182572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4911458194255829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4766353368759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.4308614134788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3694987893104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18430310487747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1782979965209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1546507179737091}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7229397892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6387881636619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5690330862998962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5593901872634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.5007922649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.49509182572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4911458194255829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4766353368759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4308614134788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3694987893104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18430310487747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1782979965209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1546507179737091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239500","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9500/pdf?version=1701256925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708632","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708632/pdf/sensors-23-09500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b2373e7b5d3a40d9a735228c06566941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b2373e7b5d3a40d9a735228c06566941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9500 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/108369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/108369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239500","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9500/pdf?version=1701256925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G440827853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/Y037421/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726614710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/X040518/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389203119.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2037660732","https://openalex.org/W2352444199","https://openalex.org/W2613638720","https://openalex.org/W2701627121","https://openalex.org/W2779470119","https://openalex.org/W2890159601","https://openalex.org/W2896161015","https://openalex.org/W2948930185","https://openalex.org/W2953682745","https://openalex.org/W2964764443","https://openalex.org/W2966593378","https://openalex.org/W2981030030","https://openalex.org/W2983277367","https://openalex.org/W2986455874","https://openalex.org/W2990320149","https://openalex.org/W2995654404","https://openalex.org/W2998983696","https://openalex.org/W3006171966","https://openalex.org/W3009898707","https://openalex.org/W3018368579","https://openalex.org/W3020980412","https://openalex.org/W3033335743","https://openalex.org/W3037591038","https://openalex.org/W3085019966","https://openalex.org/W3087454209","https://openalex.org/W3094371511","https://openalex.org/W3127086753","https://openalex.org/W3194043646","https://openalex.org/W3212871495","https://openalex.org/W4200157169","https://openalex.org/W4241528036","https://openalex.org/W4250397369","https://openalex.org/W4285727603","https://openalex.org/W6738129251","https://openalex.org/W6743493502","https://openalex.org/W6773991041","https://openalex.org/W6784916042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378749186","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2364088131","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W2362741838","https://openalex.org/W622044715","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89,117,127,230],"modernization":[1],"of":[2,7,13,33,51,66,73,129,138,172,191,205,217],"logistics":[3,133],"through":[4],"the":[5,36,49,64,67,71,75,81,92,105,135,173,189,203,206,214],"use":[6,128],"Wireless":[8],"Sensor":[9,20],"Network":[10],"(WSN)":[11],"Internet":[12],"Things":[14],"(IoT)":[15],"devices":[16,21],"promises":[17],"great":[18],"efficiencies.":[19],"can":[22],"provide":[23],"real-time":[24,27],"or":[25,99,104,107,113],"near":[26],"condition":[28],"monitoring":[29],"and":[30,45,83,141,224,236],"location":[31],"tracking":[32],"assets":[34],"during":[35,80],"shipping":[37,190],"process,":[38],"helping":[39],"to":[40,91,102,148],"detect":[41],"delays,":[42],"prevent":[43],"loss,":[44],"stop":[46],"fraud.":[47],"However,":[48],"integration":[50],"low-cost":[52],"WSN/IoT":[53],"systems":[54],"into":[55,152],"a":[56,111,157,238],"pre-existing":[57],"industry":[58],"should":[59],"first":[60],"consider":[61],"security":[62,186],"within":[63],"context":[65],"application":[68],"environment.":[69],"In":[70],"case":[72],"logistics,":[74,221],"sensors":[76,93,131,218],"are":[77],"mobile,":[78],"unreachable":[79],"deployment,":[82],"accessible":[84],"in":[85,220],"potentially":[86],"uncontrolled":[87,142],"environments.":[88,143],"risks":[90],"include":[94],"physical":[95,108],"damage,":[96],"either":[97],"malicious/intentional":[98],"unintentional":[100],"due":[101],"accident":[103],"environment,":[106],"attack":[109,119],"on":[110,161],"sensor,":[112],"remote":[114],"communication":[115],"attack.":[116],"easiest":[118],"against":[120,124],"any":[121],"sensor":[122],"is":[123,199,227],"its":[125],"communication.":[126],"IoT":[130,180,185],"for":[132,167,188],"involves":[134],"deployment":[136],"conditions":[137],"mobility,":[139],"inaccesibility,":[140],"Any":[144],"threat":[145,158,181,210,231,235],"analysis":[146],"needs":[147],"take":[149],"these":[150],"factors":[151],"consideration.":[153],"This":[154],"paper":[155],"presents":[156],"model":[159,182,211,232],"focused":[160],"an":[162],"IoT-enabled":[163],"asset":[164],"tracking/monitoring":[165,196],"system":[166,197],"smart":[168],"logistics.":[169],"A":[170,194,208],"review":[171],"current":[174,179],"literature":[175],"shows":[176],"that":[177,201,212],"no":[178],"highlights":[183],"logistics-specific":[184,209],"threats":[187],"critical":[192],"assets.":[193],"general":[195],"architecture":[198],"presented":[200],"describes":[202],"roles":[204],"components.":[207],"considers":[213],"operational":[215],"challenges":[216],"used":[219],"both":[222],"malicious":[223],"non-malicious":[225],"threats,":[226],"then":[228],"given.":[229],"categorizes":[233],"each":[234],"suggests":[237],"potential":[239],"countermeasure.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}