{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389051264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239401","title":"Echo Frequency Estimation Technology for Passive Surface Acoustic Wave Resonant Sensors Based on a Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Echo Frequency Estimation Technology for Passive Surface Acoustic Wave Resonant Sensors Based on a Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389051264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239401","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9401/pdf?version=1700902817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9401/pdf?version=1700902817","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102366746","display_name":"Yufen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126924076","display_name":"Chongqing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcw5w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yufen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091554137","display_name":"Yanling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4488-9361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126924076","display_name":"Chongqing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcw5w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4488-9361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120218320","display_name":"Xue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1823-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126924076","display_name":"Chongqing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcw5w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016744501","display_name":"Jianchao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602680","display_name":"Jin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-8310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100602680","https://openalex.org/A5102366746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126924076","https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.081,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32933704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9401","last_page":"9401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.6298012733459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6212274432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5917043089866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5908465385437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope-detector","display_name":"Envelope detector","score":0.4779929518699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4722323417663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4696744382381439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4543234407901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","score":0.4518454074859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4410169720649719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.436083048582077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.29512259364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.28353351354599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2286878228187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18829482793807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.137128084897995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1288735270500183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.6298012733459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6212274432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5917043089866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5908465385437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95676537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1652250","display_name":"Envelope detector","level":4,"score":0.4779929518699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4722323417663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4696744382381439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4543234407901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.4518454074859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4410169720649719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.436083048582077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.29512259364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28353351354599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2286878228187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18829482793807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.137128084897995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1288735270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9401/pdf?version=1700902817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708698","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708698/pdf/sensors-23-09401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55c1d7a9cfa34f9d9566f8c52df0729a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55c1d7a9cfa34f9d9566f8c52df0729a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9401 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239401","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9401/pdf?version=1700902817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597139950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJQN202100539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G745840137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJQN202100533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/031nm5713"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389051264.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586713929","https://openalex.org/W1967738308","https://openalex.org/W1969192618","https://openalex.org/W2006343393","https://openalex.org/W2011766521","https://openalex.org/W2019538124","https://openalex.org/W2042558331","https://openalex.org/W2087821663","https://openalex.org/W2095667151","https://openalex.org/W2116368853","https://openalex.org/W2121811252","https://openalex.org/W2128015595","https://openalex.org/W2128273212","https://openalex.org/W2135255410","https://openalex.org/W2158139004","https://openalex.org/W2606058342","https://openalex.org/W2798825209","https://openalex.org/W3019968265","https://openalex.org/W4206920321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W218750754","https://openalex.org/W1977098173","https://openalex.org/W10254331","https://openalex.org/W2114310652","https://openalex.org/W2782295999","https://openalex.org/W2162306796","https://openalex.org/W2068387237","https://openalex.org/W2116544146","https://openalex.org/W1970292246","https://openalex.org/W2371462043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"wireless":[1],"surface":[2],"acoustic":[3],"wave":[4],"(SAW)":[5],"resonant":[6],"sensors":[7],"are":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10,95,156],"in":[11,194],"measuring":[12,22],"pressure,":[13],"temperature,":[14],"and":[15,74,110,132,144,148,209,228],"torque,":[16],"typically":[17],"detecting":[18],"sensing":[19],"parameters":[20],"by":[21,70,114],"the":[23,31,40,44,48,53,56,71,78,104,134,141,149,159,163,173,199,244],"echo":[24,34,54,99,178,204],"signal":[25,35,86,100,128,142,187,205],"frequency":[26,36,65,73,81,174,189,200,222,230],"of":[27,33,43,52,80,106,162,176,201,233],"SAW":[28,98,177,203],"resonators.":[29],"Therefore,":[30],"accuracy":[32],"estimation":[37,82,108,175,223,231],"directly":[38],"affects":[39],"performance":[41],"index":[42],"sensor.":[45],"Due":[46],"to":[47,96,121,139,157,171,197,211],"exponential":[49],"attenuation":[50],"trend":[51],"signal,":[55],"duration":[57],"is":[58,83,94,137,155,168,239],"generally":[59],"approximately":[60],"10":[61,207],"\u03bcs,":[62],"with":[63,90],"conventional":[64,116,245],"domain":[66],"analysis":[67],"methods":[68],"limited":[69],"sampling":[72,215],"data":[75],"points.":[76,216],"Thus,":[77],"resolution":[79],"limited.":[84],"Here,":[85],"time-domain":[87],"fitting":[88],"combined":[89],"a":[91,115,181,221,229],"genetic":[92,117,166,246],"algorithm":[93,167],"estimate":[97,123,145,198],"frequency.":[101],"To":[102],"address":[103],"problem":[105],"slow":[107],"speed":[109],"poor":[111],"timeliness":[112],"caused":[113],"algorithm,":[118],"which":[119,238],"needs":[120],"simultaneously":[122],"multiple":[124],"parameters,":[125],"such":[126],"as":[127],"amplitude,":[129,147],"phase,":[130],"frequency,":[131],"envelope,":[133],"Hilbert":[135],"transform":[136,152],"proposed":[138,218],"remove":[140],"envelope":[143],"its":[146],"fast":[150],"Fourier":[151],"subsection":[153],"method":[154,219],"analyze":[158],"initial":[160],"phase":[161],"signal.":[164],"The":[165,184,217],"thereby":[169],"optimized":[170],"realize":[172],"signals":[179],"under":[180],"single":[182],"parameter.":[183],"developed":[185],"digital":[186],"processing":[188],"detection":[190],"system":[191],"was":[192],"monitored":[193],"real":[195],"time":[196,232],"an":[202],"lasting":[206],"\u03bcs":[208],"found":[210],"have":[212],"only":[213],"100":[214],"has":[220],"error":[224],"within":[225],"3":[226],"kHz":[227],"less":[234],"than":[235,243],"1":[236],"s,":[237],"eight":[240],"times":[241],"faster":[242],"algorithm.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}