{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388945231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","title":"Unraveling False Positives in Unsupervised Defect Detection Models: A Study on Anomaly-Free Training Datasets","display_name":"Unraveling False Positives in Unsupervised Defect Detection Models: A Study on Anomaly-Free Training Datasets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388945231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9360/pdf?version=1700734168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9360/pdf?version=1700734168","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034220816","display_name":"Ji Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021839885","display_name":"Hongmei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-8784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongmei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721274","display_name":"Yu Hen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-0677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660067","display_name":"Zujun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-2452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zujun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing 100044, China","School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021839885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.037,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81856754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9360","last_page":"9360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8178460001945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.699258029460907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6968229413032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6963775157928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6935497522354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6004711985588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5803480744361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4879884123802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4772726893424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.46373119950294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.443350225687027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.42752018570899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positives-and-false-negatives","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","score":0.4173498749732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3890291452407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36925065517425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1565079689025879}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8178460001945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.699258029460907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6968229413032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6963775157928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6935497522354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6004711985588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5803480744361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4879884123802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4772726893424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.46373119950294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.443350225687027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.42752018570899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.4173498749732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3890291452407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36925065517425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1565079689025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9360/pdf?version=1700734168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708712","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708712/pdf/sensors-23-09360.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ae7abac03594046966bdd97c63f48d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ae7abac03594046966bdd97c63f48d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9360 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/23/9360/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9360/pdf?version=1700734168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G496783824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JBXT005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7900312541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GJNY-21-65","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388945231.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1909320841","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2599354622","https://openalex.org/W2803446235","https://openalex.org/W2808230124","https://openalex.org/W2905065306","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2948982773","https://openalex.org/W2963061824","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963568900","https://openalex.org/W2963856865","https://openalex.org/W2987821246","https://openalex.org/W2990559999","https://openalex.org/W2990607811","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W3009886659","https://openalex.org/W3012374719","https://openalex.org/W3034709866","https://openalex.org/W3035983404","https://openalex.org/W3040266635","https://openalex.org/W3089028909","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3118895125","https://openalex.org/W3129166376","https://openalex.org/W3135550350","https://openalex.org/W3138648827","https://openalex.org/W3147184966","https://openalex.org/W3150807214","https://openalex.org/W3162150435","https://openalex.org/W3169651898","https://openalex.org/W3183588514","https://openalex.org/W3204520143","https://openalex.org/W3205201617","https://openalex.org/W3210805939","https://openalex.org/W3212899624","https://openalex.org/W3217095651","https://openalex.org/W4210734993","https://openalex.org/W4214694907","https://openalex.org/W4226237726","https://openalex.org/W4281957872","https://openalex.org/W4283326746","https://openalex.org/W4283659112","https://openalex.org/W4285013319","https://openalex.org/W4293476335","https://openalex.org/W4306762137","https://openalex.org/W4312289809","https://openalex.org/W4312772600","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4367598838","https://openalex.org/W4386050716","https://openalex.org/W6770847983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W4292605373","https://openalex.org/W1973412793","https://openalex.org/W4226316650","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W2951146195","https://openalex.org/W3123215897","https://openalex.org/W2153600354","https://openalex.org/W2034137329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unsupervised":[0],"defect":[1,10,80],"detection":[2,11,62,81,152],"methods":[3],"have":[4],"garnered":[5],"substantial":[6],"attention":[7],"in":[8,36,64,78],"industrial":[9,65,210],"owing":[12],"to":[13,16,40,87,115,192],"their":[14],"capacity":[15],"circumvent":[17],"complex":[18],"fault":[19],"sample":[20],"collection.":[21],"However,":[22],"these":[23],"models":[24,63],"grapple":[25],"with":[26],"establishing":[27],"a":[28,41,89,112,125,145,169,177,183],"robust":[29],"boundary":[30],"between":[31],"normal":[32],"and":[33,54],"abnormal":[34],"conditions":[35],"intricate":[37],"scenarios,":[38],"leading":[39],"heightened":[42],"frequency":[43],"of":[44,52,59,103,120,196],"false-positive":[45],"predictions.":[46],"Spurious":[47],"alerts":[48],"exacerbate":[49],"the":[50,56,73,83,92,101,117,133,137,140,150,164,186,197],"work":[51],"reconfirmation":[53],"impede":[55],"widespread":[57],"adoption":[58],"unsupervised":[60,79,84],"anomaly":[61],"applications.":[66,211],"To":[67],"this":[68],"end,":[69],"we":[70],"delve":[71],"into":[72],"sole":[74],"available":[75],"data":[76],"source":[77],"models,":[82],"training":[85,130],"dataset,":[86],"introduce":[88],"solution":[90],"called":[91],"False":[93],"Alarm":[94],"Identification":[95],"(FAI)":[96],"method":[97,199],"aimed":[98],"at":[99,132],"learning":[100],"distribution":[102],"potential":[104,121],"false":[105,122,170,184],"alarms":[106,123],"using":[107],"anomaly-free":[108,129],"images.":[109],"It":[110],"exploits":[111],"multi-layer":[113],"perceptron":[114],"capture":[116],"semantic":[118,174],"information":[119],"from":[124],"detector":[126],"trained":[127],"on":[128,208],"images":[131],"object":[134],"level.":[135],"During":[136],"testing":[138],"phase,":[139],"FAI":[141,155,198],"model":[142],"operates":[143],"as":[144,182],"post-processing":[146],"module":[147],"applied":[148],"after":[149],"baseline":[151],"algorithm.":[153],"The":[154,194],"algorithm":[156,167],"determines":[157],"whether":[158],"each":[159],"positive":[160,178],"patch":[161],"predicted":[162],"by":[163,172,202],"normalizing":[165,205],"flow":[166,206],"is":[168,180,200],"alarm":[171],"its":[173],"features.":[175],"When":[176],"prediction":[179],"identified":[181],"alarm,":[185],"corresponding":[187],"pixel-wise":[188],"predictions":[189],"are":[190],"set":[191],"negative.":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"demonstrated":[201],"two":[203],"state-of-the-art":[204],"algorithms":[207],"extensive":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
