{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388654542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229181","title":"An AI Safety Monitoring System for Electric Scooters Based on the Number of Riders and Road Types","display_name":"An AI Safety Monitoring System for Electric Scooters Based on the Number of Riders and Road Types","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388654542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229181","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9181/pdf?version=1699972377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9181/pdf?version=1699972377","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055839718","display_name":"Woo Jin Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-308X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Jin Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100454698","display_name":"Donghyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-8830"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIG Corporation, Changwon 51522, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIG Corporation, Changwon 51522, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017002492","display_name":"Si\u2010Hyung Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-9347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Si-Hyung Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017002492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54398215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9181","last_page":"9181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.539596438407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.5219597220420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.49390751123428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4654669761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4538009762763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4384937882423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36995261907577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06703466176986694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.539596438407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.5219597220420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.49390751123428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4654669761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4538009762763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4384937882423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36995261907577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06703466176986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9181/pdf?version=1699972377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38005568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10674198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674198","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674198/pdf/sensors-23-09181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:670d2401f03844c1bf3e17aa7f6d488c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/670d2401f03844c1bf3e17aa7f6d488c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9181 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9181/pdf?version=1699972377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1146319518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A2021-0330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388654542.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2957326845","https://openalex.org/W3003968822","https://openalex.org/W3030857435","https://openalex.org/W3115223556","https://openalex.org/W3119156236","https://openalex.org/W3121062746","https://openalex.org/W3127425666","https://openalex.org/W3129167617","https://openalex.org/W3137656215","https://openalex.org/W3176403554","https://openalex.org/W4206524611","https://openalex.org/W4288038187","https://openalex.org/W4291449834","https://openalex.org/W4296003039","https://openalex.org/W4297991933","https://openalex.org/W4307303091","https://openalex.org/W4309564534","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6788281891","https://openalex.org/W6797869493","https://openalex.org/W6806327745","https://openalex.org/W6840129640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765080098","https://openalex.org/W2385749422","https://openalex.org/W2355290145","https://openalex.org/W2353465659","https://openalex.org/W2009888974","https://openalex.org/W2571827127","https://openalex.org/W3125878227","https://openalex.org/W4385671734","https://openalex.org/W2120892143","https://openalex.org/W2162365590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"scooters":[1,27,54,97,182,192],"are":[2,28,139],"quickly":[3],"becoming":[4],"a":[5,20,45],"popular":[6],"form":[7],"of":[8,69,78,94,125,142,145,180,187],"mobility":[9],"in":[10,22,66],"many":[11],"cities":[12],"around":[13,193],"the":[14,63,67,73,75,79,85,91,95,105,130,143,146,157,164,177,185,194],"world,":[15],"which":[16,36,138],"has":[17],"led":[18],"to":[19,39,57,150,161,167,174],"surge":[21],"safety":[23,32],"incidents.":[24],"Moreover,":[25,90],"electric":[26,53,70,96,181,191],"not":[29],"equipped":[30],"with":[31,104],"devices":[33],"for":[34,52,98,122,153],"riders,":[35],"can":[37],"lead":[38],"serious":[40],"accidents.":[41],"In":[42,72],"this":[43,170],"study,":[44],"footrest,":[46],"data-collection":[47,88],"module,":[48],"and":[49,87,133,163],"accelerometer":[50,106],"module":[51],"were":[55,82,102],"developed":[56],"prevent":[58],"various":[59],"accidents":[60,189],"caused":[61],"by":[62,183],"rapid":[64],"increase":[65],"use":[68],"scooters.":[71],"experiment,":[74],"boarding":[76],"data":[77,93],"electric-scooter":[80],"riders":[81],"collected":[83,103],"from":[84],"footrest":[86],"module.":[89,107],"driving":[92],"different":[99,123],"road":[100],"types":[101,124],"We":[108],"then":[109],"trained":[110,147],"two":[111],"artificial":[112],"intelligence":[113],"(AI)":[114],"models":[115,149],"based":[116],"on":[117],"convolutional":[118],"neural":[119],"networks":[120],"(CNNs)":[121],"data.":[126],"When":[127],"we":[128],"considered":[129],"learning":[131,158],"accuracy":[132,159],"mean":[134],"square":[135],"error":[136],"(MSE),":[137],"performance":[140],"indicators":[141],"ability":[144],"AI":[148,155],"discriminate":[151],"data,":[152],"each":[154],"model,":[156],"converged":[160,166],"100%":[162],"MSE":[165],"0.":[168],"Further,":[169],"study":[171],"is":[172],"expected":[173],"help":[175],"reduce":[176],"accident":[178],"rate":[179],"resolving":[184],"causes":[186],"frequent":[188],"involving":[190],"world.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
