{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388634813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229137","title":"A Printed Dipole Array with Bidirectional Endfire Radiation for Tunnel Communication","display_name":"A Printed Dipole Array with Bidirectional Endfire Radiation for Tunnel Communication","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388634813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229137","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9137/pdf?version=1699852179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9137/pdf?version=1699852179","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102583108","display_name":"Tianfan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianfan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072012950","display_name":"Mengchi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengchi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012514311","display_name":"Haitao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-8930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101174165","display_name":"Xiao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-8155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-8155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101174165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0838,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35905165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9137","last_page":"9137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dipole","display_name":"Dipole","score":0.7200250625610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dipole-antenna","display_name":"Dipole antenna","score":0.6403967142105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6389358043670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5043221712112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-gain","display_name":"Array gain","score":0.5016577243804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.48100242018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.4758605360984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46277058124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation","display_name":"Radiation","score":0.4550413489341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.4403125047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-pattern","display_name":"Radiation pattern","score":0.4234659671783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4156653583049774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4109000861644745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4084327518939972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3755593001842499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21567916870117188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173523689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215589","display_name":"Dipole","level":2,"score":0.7200250625610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113145756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126859","display_name":"Dipole antenna","level":3,"score":0.6403967142105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6389358043670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5043221712112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136664719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795880","display_name":"Array gain","level":4,"score":0.5016577243804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.48100242018699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.4758605360984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46277058124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.4550413489341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4403125047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.4234659671783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4156653583049774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4109000861644745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4084327518939972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3755593001842499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21567916870117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9137/pdf?version=1699852179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38005526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10674473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674473","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674473/pdf/sensors-23-09137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d803964e049348558d4e745f08e52f93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d803964e049348558d4e745f08e52f93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9137 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9137/pdf?version=1699852179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3080897169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6754005248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21KJB510002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388634813.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1636778527","https://openalex.org/W2024919177","https://openalex.org/W2055113967","https://openalex.org/W2067177937","https://openalex.org/W2141017873","https://openalex.org/W2283549000","https://openalex.org/W2592492581","https://openalex.org/W2605870759","https://openalex.org/W2742136836","https://openalex.org/W2769582969","https://openalex.org/W2800541679","https://openalex.org/W2810296641","https://openalex.org/W2930365201","https://openalex.org/W2986347613","https://openalex.org/W3012430355","https://openalex.org/W3033106883","https://openalex.org/W3035690677","https://openalex.org/W3043563358","https://openalex.org/W3102045031","https://openalex.org/W3129138530","https://openalex.org/W3131420656","https://openalex.org/W3166011073","https://openalex.org/W3166235255","https://openalex.org/W3203223330","https://openalex.org/W3205957706","https://openalex.org/W4212956530","https://openalex.org/W4225609615","https://openalex.org/W4226143145","https://openalex.org/W4285155072","https://openalex.org/W4285177894","https://openalex.org/W4303183426","https://openalex.org/W4312321851","https://openalex.org/W4319777925","https://openalex.org/W4321366734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186911381","https://openalex.org/W2941804803","https://openalex.org/W2028447204","https://openalex.org/W2371791300","https://openalex.org/W2529724870","https://openalex.org/W1992735946","https://openalex.org/W2336419757","https://openalex.org/W2918138729","https://openalex.org/W4360907459","https://openalex.org/W2574843319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tunnel":[0],"communication":[1],"always":[2],"suffers":[3],"from":[4,172],"path":[5],"loss":[6],"and":[7,27,81,96,104,155],"multipath":[8],"effects":[9],"caused":[10],"by":[11],"surrounding":[12],"walls.":[13],"Meanwhile,":[14],"the":[15,40,60,76,84,89,97,101,107,114,119,124,141,153],"traditional":[16],"leaky":[17],"coaxial":[18],"cables":[19],"are":[20,110,146],"expensive":[21],"to":[22,25,29,32,93,175],"deploy,":[23],"inconvenient":[24],"operate,":[26],"difficult":[28],"maintain,":[30],"leading":[31],"many":[33],"problems":[34],"in":[35,152],"practical":[36],"use.":[37],"To":[38],"solve":[39],"abovementioned":[41],"problems,":[42],"a":[43],"low-profile":[44],"printed":[45,90,127],"dipole":[46,91,128],"array":[47,92,108,129],"operating":[48],"at":[49,75],"3.5":[50],"GHz":[51,174],"with":[52,165],"bidirectional":[53],"endfire":[54,79,135,160],"radiation":[55],"is":[56,162,179],"designed":[57,95],"based":[58],"on":[59,113],"method":[61],"of":[62,117,167],"maximum":[63],"power":[64,85],"transmission":[65,86],"efficiency":[66,87],"(MMPTE).":[67],"By":[68],"setting":[69],"two":[70,77,133],"virtual":[71],"test":[72,98],"receiving":[73,99],"dipoles":[74],"opposite":[78,138],"directions":[80],"then":[82],"maximizing":[83],"between":[88],"be":[94],"antennas,":[100],"optimal":[102,115],"amplitudes":[103],"phases":[105],"for":[106,181],"elements":[109],"obtained.":[111],"Based":[112],"distributions":[116],"excitations,":[118],"simulation":[120],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"proposed":[125],"eight-element":[126],"can":[130],"simultaneously":[131],"generate":[132],"mirrored":[134],"beams":[136],"towards":[137],"directions.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"corresponding":[142],"normalized":[143],"cross-polarization":[144],"levels":[145],"lower":[147],"than":[148,169],"-22.3":[149],"dBi":[150,164,171],"both":[151],"azimuth":[154],"elevation":[156],"planes.":[157],"The":[158],"peak":[159],"gain":[161],"10.7":[163],"maintenance":[166],"higher":[168],"10":[170],"3.23":[173],"3.66":[176],"GHz,":[177],"which":[178],"suitable":[180],"tunnel":[182],"communication.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}