{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388574250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229093","title":"A Comprehensive Approach for Detecting Brake Pad Defects Using Histogram and Wavelet Features with Nested Dichotomy Family Classifiers","display_name":"A Comprehensive Approach for Detecting Brake Pad Defects Using Histogram and Wavelet Features with Nested Dichotomy Family Classifiers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388574250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229093","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9093/pdf?version=1699605993","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9093/pdf?version=1699605993","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sakthivel Gnanasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakthivel Gnanasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-3063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lakshmi Pathi Jakkamputi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmi Pathi Jakkamputi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jegadeeshwaran Rakkiyannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-827X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jegadeeshwaran Rakkiyannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-827X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Automation, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087341538","display_name":"T. Mohanraj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohanraj Thangamuthu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060644504","display_name":"Yogesh Bhalerao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0743-8633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799300731","display_name":"Norwich Research Park","ror":"https://ror.org/0062dz060","country_code":"GB","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799300731"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh Bhalerao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TIJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TIJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541","https://openalex.org/I2799300731"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087341538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334","https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74851009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9093","last_page":"9093"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12197","display_name":"Brake Systems and Friction Analysis","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13470","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Coatings","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.8452432751655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.7860631942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5639793276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5527282953262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5336315035820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5179492235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4516727328300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4323451817035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.287617564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2865839898586273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.24609002470970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09923380613327026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.8452432751655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.7860631942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5639793276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5527282953262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5336315035820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5179492235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4516727328300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4323451817035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.287617564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2865839898586273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.24609002470970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09923380613327026}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9093/pdf?version=1699605993","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38005482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:93645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10675424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10675424","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10675424/pdf/sensors-23-09093.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3916fbf4d9541e4af9905d06ebfe212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3916fbf4d9541e4af9905d06ebfe212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9093 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229093","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9093/pdf?version=1699605993","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4203525229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECR/2016/002068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G631484879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECR/2016/002068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","funder_display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311327","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319346","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322838","display_name":"VIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388574250.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880370138","https://openalex.org/W1968827622","https://openalex.org/W2165142864","https://openalex.org/W2212765426","https://openalex.org/W2526918565","https://openalex.org/W2532554533","https://openalex.org/W2555835967","https://openalex.org/W2890466855","https://openalex.org/W2904098350","https://openalex.org/W3032600159","https://openalex.org/W3094917921","https://openalex.org/W3156606446","https://openalex.org/W3166272475","https://openalex.org/W3186151681","https://openalex.org/W4200225090","https://openalex.org/W4221094970","https://openalex.org/W4225007555","https://openalex.org/W4283753191","https://openalex.org/W4293410868","https://openalex.org/W4300003314","https://openalex.org/W4307630934","https://openalex.org/W4381887108","https://openalex.org/W6727398805","https://openalex.org/W6798598036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4405331580","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,56,67],"brake":[1,21,32,106,123],"system":[2,22,107,124],"requires":[3],"careful":[4],"attention":[5],"for":[6,102,131],"continuous":[7],"monitoring":[8,18,116],"as":[9],"a":[10,87,91,98,115],"vital":[11],"module.":[12],"This":[13,96],"study":[14],"specifically":[15],"focuses":[16],"on":[17,109],"the":[19,31,71,78,81,105,118,121,132,141],"hydraulic":[20,122],"using":[23,62],"vibration":[24,110],"signals":[25,29],"through":[26],"experimentation.":[27],"Vibration":[28],"from":[30,53],"pad":[33],"assembly":[34],"of":[35,69,94,120,137],"commercial":[36,138],"vehicles":[37,139],"were":[38,51,59],"captured":[39],"under":[40],"both":[41],"good":[42],"and":[43,48,134],"defective":[44],"conditions.":[45],"Relevant":[46],"histograms":[47],"wavelet":[49,88],"features":[50,58],"extracted":[52],"these":[54],"signals.":[55,111],"selected":[57],"then":[60],"categorized":[61],"Nested":[63],"dichotomy":[64,84],"family":[65],"classifiers.":[66],"accuracy":[68,93],"all":[70],"algorithms":[72,79],"during":[73],"categorization":[74],"was":[75],"evaluated.":[76],"Among":[77],"tested,":[80],"class-balanced":[82],"nested":[83],"algorithm":[85],"with":[86],"filter":[89],"achieved":[90],"maximum":[92],"99.45%.":[95],"indicates":[97],"highly":[99],"effective":[100],"method":[101],"accurately":[103],"categorizing":[104],"based":[108],"By":[112],"implementing":[113],"such":[114],"system,":[117],"reliability":[119],"can":[125],"be":[126],"ensured,":[127],"which":[128],"is":[129],"crucial":[130],"safe":[133],"efficient":[135],"operation":[136],"in":[140],"market.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
