{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388524320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229077","title":"From Pulses to Sleep Stages: Towards Optimized Sleep Classification Using Heart-Rate Variability","display_name":"From Pulses to Sleep Stages: Towards Optimized Sleep Classification Using Heart-Rate Variability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388524320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229077","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9077/pdf?version=1699535520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9077/pdf?version=1699535520","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042498711","display_name":"Pavlos Topalidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavlos I. Topalidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-060X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078803758","display_name":"Sebastian Baron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Baron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces (AIHI), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces (AIHI), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069396751","display_name":"Dominik Philip Johannes Heib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-8557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik P. J. Heib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Proschlaf, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-8557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Proschlaf, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034388486","display_name":"Esther\u2010Sevil Eigl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther-Sevil Eigl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-7632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050065909","display_name":"A Hinterberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Hinterberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089232791","display_name":"Manuel Schabus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Schabus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-8772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089232791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5456,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81702573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9077","last_page":"9077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.8104532957077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.6456300020217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.5064564943313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.45309147238731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4060109555721283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3856387734413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.364693820476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.35876917839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3270120918750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2590240240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.10299798846244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apnea","display_name":"Apnea","score":0.07514169812202454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.8104532957077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.6456300020217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.5064564943313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.45309147238731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4060109555721283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3856387734413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.364693820476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.35876917839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3270120918750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2590240240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.10299798846244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754424","display_name":"Apnea","level":2,"score":0.07514169812202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9077/pdf?version=1699535520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38005466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10674316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674316","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674316/pdf/sensors-23-09077.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ff218d7bc9e4c0791b59aaead2583fc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ff218d7bc9e4c0791b59aaead2583fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9077 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9077/pdf?version=1699535520","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1877197634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W 1233-B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4615838776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20102-F2002176-FPR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8782702341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W 1233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388524320.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W2003596486","https://openalex.org/W2006199155","https://openalex.org/W2032175470","https://openalex.org/W2120791790","https://openalex.org/W2327037637","https://openalex.org/W2417469037","https://openalex.org/W2471693769","https://openalex.org/W2545646977","https://openalex.org/W2558108596","https://openalex.org/W2611864381","https://openalex.org/W2791085229","https://openalex.org/W2824823492","https://openalex.org/W2938169034","https://openalex.org/W2945961700","https://openalex.org/W2977759318","https://openalex.org/W3067609825","https://openalex.org/W3083632288","https://openalex.org/W3101420856","https://openalex.org/W3117339351","https://openalex.org/W3129642277","https://openalex.org/W3131446646","https://openalex.org/W3174280951","https://openalex.org/W3175097477","https://openalex.org/W3185539422","https://openalex.org/W3186496795","https://openalex.org/W3194030526","https://openalex.org/W4226308818","https://openalex.org/W4283787456","https://openalex.org/W4293715556","https://openalex.org/W4308367953","https://openalex.org/W4321497845","https://openalex.org/W4361858778","https://openalex.org/W4379355729","https://openalex.org/W4380081925","https://openalex.org/W4383679997","https://openalex.org/W4386790472","https://openalex.org/W4390398335","https://openalex.org/W6628505203","https://openalex.org/W6720324450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390146185","https://openalex.org/W3121188996","https://openalex.org/W2084125138","https://openalex.org/W4308561096","https://openalex.org/W3200508116","https://openalex.org/W2841059565","https://openalex.org/W2136162213","https://openalex.org/W2376497661","https://openalex.org/W2294987193","https://openalex.org/W3011076523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"More":[0],"and":[1,9,33,91,140,152,163,202,214,227,288,305],"more":[2,92],"people":[3],"quantify":[4],"their":[5,14],"sleep":[6,18,50,68,100,213,233,248,261,291],"using":[7,79],"wearables":[8,28,300],"are":[10,29],"becoming":[11],"obsessed":[12],"in":[13,53,89,186,211,240,263,265,278,312],"pursuit":[15],"of":[16,26,57,110,237],"optimal":[17],"(\"orthosomnia\").":[19],"However,":[20],"it":[21,251],"is":[22,252,258],"criticized":[23],"that":[24,254],"many":[25],"these":[27,42,127],"giving":[30],"inaccurate":[31],"feedback":[32],"can":[34,273],"even":[35],"lead":[36],"to":[37,62,84,98,115,224],"negative":[38],"daytime":[39],"consequences.":[40],"Acknowledging":[41],"facts,":[43],"we":[44,71,129],"here":[45],"optimize":[46],"our":[47],"previously":[48],"suggested":[49],"classification":[51,65,101,132,293],"procedure":[52],"a":[54,80,105,178,276],"new":[55,219,256],"sample":[56],"136":[58],"self-reported":[59],"poor":[60],"sleepers":[61],"minimize":[63],"erroneous":[64],"during":[66],"ambulatory":[67],"sensing.":[69],"Firstly,":[70],"introduce":[72],"an":[73,169],"advanced":[74],"interbeat-interval":[75],"(IBI)":[76],"quality":[77],"control":[78],"random":[81],"forest":[82],"method":[83],"account":[85],"for":[86,104,182,246,309],"wearable":[87],"recordings":[88],"naturalistic":[90],"noisy":[93],"settings.":[94],"We":[95,144],"further":[96],"aim":[97],"improve":[99],"by":[102],"opting":[103],"loss":[106,184],"function":[107,138,185],"model":[108,117,221,257],"instead":[109],"the":[111,120,131,135,141,156,164,183,196,218,255,307],"overall":[112,180],"epoch-by-epoch":[113],"accuracy":[114,142,181],"avoid":[116],"biases":[118],"towards":[119],"majority":[121],"class":[122],"(i.e.,":[123],"\"light":[124],"sleep\").":[125],"Using":[126],"implementations,":[128],"compare":[130],"performance":[133],"between":[134],"optimized":[136,220],"(loss":[137],"model)":[139],"model.":[143],"use":[145],"signals":[146,297],"derived":[147],"from":[148,298],"PSG,":[149],"one-channel":[150],"ECG,":[151],"two":[153],"consumer":[154],"wearables:":[155],"ECG":[157,187],"breast":[158],"belt":[159],"Polar\u00ae":[160,165],"H10":[161,197],"(H10)":[162],"Verity":[166],"Sense":[167],"(VS),":[168],"optical":[170],"Photoplethysmography":[171],"(PPG)":[172],"heart-rate":[173],"sensor.":[174],"The":[175],"results":[176],"reveal":[177],"high":[179,225],"(86.3":[188],"%,":[189],"\u03ba":[190,199,205],"=":[191,200,206],"0.79),":[192],"as":[193,195],"well":[194],"(84.4%,":[198],"0.76),":[201],"VS":[203],"(84.2%,":[204],"0.75)":[207],"sensors,":[208],"with":[209,229,281],"improvements":[210],"deep":[212],"wake.":[215],"In":[216],"addition,":[217],"displays":[222],"moderate":[223],"correlations":[226],"agreement":[228],"PSG":[230],"on":[231,296],"primary":[232],"parameters,":[234],"while":[235],"measures":[236],"reliability,":[238],"expressed":[239],"intra-class":[241],"correlations,":[242],"suggest":[243],"excellent":[244],"reliability":[245],"most":[247],"parameters.":[249],"Finally,":[250],"demonstrated":[253],"still":[259],"classifying":[260],"accurately":[262],"4-classes":[264],"users":[266],"taking":[267],"heart-affecting":[268],"and/or":[269],"psychoactive":[270],"medication,":[271],"which":[272],"be":[274],"considered":[275],"prerequisite":[277],"older":[279],"individuals":[280],"or":[282],"without":[283],"common":[284],"disorders.":[285],"Further":[286],"improving":[287],"validating":[289],"automatic":[290],"stage":[292],"algorithms":[294],"based":[295],"affordable":[299],"may":[301],"resolve":[302],"existing":[303],"scepticism":[304],"open":[306],"door":[308],"such":[310],"approaches":[311],"clinical":[313],"practice.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
