{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388534476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229052","title":"Illuminating the Neural Landscape of Pilot Mental States: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach with Shapley Additive Explanations Interpretability","display_name":"Illuminating the Neural Landscape of Pilot Mental States: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach with Shapley Additive Explanations Interpretability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388534476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229052","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9052/pdf?version=1699496126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9052/pdf?version=1699496126","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044599038","display_name":"Ibrahim Alreshidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1234-5148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Alreshidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia","Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81451, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027681806","display_name":"Desmond Bala Bisandu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-8429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desmond Bisandu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001931146","display_name":"Irene Moulitsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-9495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irene Moulitsas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Computational Engineering Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning and Data Analytics Laboratory, Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre (DARTeC), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001931146","https://openalex.org/A5044599038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963","https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.005,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86657568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9052","last_page":"9052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.972599983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9687126278877258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5994246602058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.568658173084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.548652708530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5392213463783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5081648826599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48467400670051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4681915044784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.4101235270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3086302578449249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.10588952898979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09637072682380676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9687126278877258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5994246602058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.568658173084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.548652708530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5392213463783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5081648826599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48467400670051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4681915044784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.4101235270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3086302578449249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10588952898979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09637072682380676}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9052/pdf?version=1699496126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38005440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10674947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674947","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674947/pdf/sensors-23-09052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bce1c0a5b00a4c02aabc958c461551fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bce1c0a5b00a4c02aabc958c461551fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9052 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/20535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9052/pdf?version=1699496126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320343","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388534476.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495192482","https://openalex.org/W1973275441","https://openalex.org/W2023133322","https://openalex.org/W2025252425","https://openalex.org/W2036007897","https://openalex.org/W2040755506","https://openalex.org/W2054294508","https://openalex.org/W2062823042","https://openalex.org/W2098330912","https://openalex.org/W2141224535","https://openalex.org/W2146540123","https://openalex.org/W2167208435","https://openalex.org/W2175757722","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2570299621","https://openalex.org/W2601369343","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2788199784","https://openalex.org/W2796547162","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2910142614","https://openalex.org/W2914227855","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963838685","https://openalex.org/W2967826912","https://openalex.org/W2995644242","https://openalex.org/W2997849943","https://openalex.org/W2998583340","https://openalex.org/W3090962957","https://openalex.org/W3100777112","https://openalex.org/W3176533441","https://openalex.org/W3214662938","https://openalex.org/W4200409924","https://openalex.org/W4226106046","https://openalex.org/W4256722621","https://openalex.org/W4256753122","https://openalex.org/W4316171032","https://openalex.org/W4317906709","https://openalex.org/W4386098761","https://openalex.org/W6737947904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predicting":[0],"pilots'":[1],"mental":[2,58,113,149,187,201,231],"states":[3,150],"is":[4,93],"a":[5,17,40,75,129,133,223],"critical":[6,195],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,120,170,204,226],"aviation":[9,205],"safety":[10],"and":[11,28,64,137,179,199],"performance,":[12],"with":[13,123],"electroencephalogram":[14],"data":[15,86],"offering":[16],"promising":[18],"avenue":[19],"for":[20,36,111,197],"detection.":[21,233],"However,":[22],"the":[23,96,105,146,157,183,194,213,227],"interpretability":[24,92],"of":[25,84,98,127,131,135,141,145,148,166,173,182,186,212,216,229],"machine":[26],"learning":[27,30],"deep":[29],"models,":[31],"which":[32,103],"are":[33],"often":[34],"used":[35],"such":[37],"tasks,":[38],"remains":[39],"significant":[41,224],"issue.":[42],"This":[43,189,219],"study":[44,168,220],"aims":[45],"to":[46,55,209],"address":[47],"these":[48,161,217],"challenges":[49],"by":[50],"developing":[51],"an":[52,124,138],"interpretable":[53,200],"model":[54,175],"detect":[56],"four":[57],"states-channelised":[59],"attention,":[60,62],"diverted":[61],"startle/surprise,":[63],"normal":[65],"state-in":[66],"pilots":[67],"using":[68],"EEG":[69,85,152],"data.":[70],"The":[71,90,115,163],"methodology":[72],"involves":[73],"training":[74],"convolutional":[76],"neural":[77,158,184,214],"network":[78],"on":[79,151],"power":[80],"spectral":[81],"density":[82],"features":[83,110],"from":[87],"17":[88],"pilots.":[89],"model's":[91],"enhanced":[94],"via":[95],"use":[97],"SHapley":[99],"Additive":[100],"exPlanations":[101],"values,":[102],"identify":[104],"top":[106],"10":[107],"most":[108],"influential":[109],"each":[112],"state.":[114],"results":[116],"demonstrate":[117],"high":[118],"performance":[119],"all":[121],"metrics,":[122],"average":[125],"accuracy":[126],"96%,":[128,132],"precision":[130],"recall":[134],"94%,":[136],"F1":[139],"score":[140],"95%.":[142],"An":[143],"examination":[144],"effects":[147],"frequency":[153],"bands":[154],"further":[155],"elucidates":[156],"mechanisms":[159],"underlying":[160],"states.":[162,188,218],"innovative":[164],"nature":[165],"this":[167],"lies":[169],"its":[171],"combination":[172],"high-performance":[174],"development,":[176],"improved":[177],"interpretability,":[178],"in-depth":[180],"analysis":[181],"correlates":[185],"approach":[190],"not":[191],"only":[192],"addresses":[193],"need":[196],"effective":[198],"state":[202,232],"detection":[203],"but":[206],"also":[207],"contributes":[208],"our":[210],"understanding":[211],"underpinnings":[215],"thus":[221],"represents":[222],"advancement":[225],"field":[228],"EEG-based":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
