{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388228623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218903","title":"Grouped Multilayer Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm: A Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithm Optimized for Digital Asset Trading Scenarios","display_name":"Grouped Multilayer Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm: A Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithm Optimized for Digital Asset Trading Scenarios","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388228623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218903","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8903/pdf?version=1698850635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8903/pdf?version=1698850635","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659367","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073125952","display_name":"Wenlong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-6580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011132245","display_name":"Mengxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengxing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058207438","display_name":"Siling Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-2028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siling Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433506","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011132245","https://openalex.org/A5073125952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.5342,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93753092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"8903","last_page":"8903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.9456241726875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7046877145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.6932268142700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6507742404937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.5531715154647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.551041305065155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4994544982910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.45575159788131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4547629952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4208773374557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36143386363983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13467863202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11428314447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09815534949302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.08974137902259827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.9456241726875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7046877145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6932268142700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6507742404937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.5531715154647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.551041305065155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4994544982910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.45575159788131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4547629952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4208773374557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36143386363983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13467863202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11428314447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09815534949302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.08974137902259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8903/pdf?version=1698850635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37960601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10649370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10649370","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10649370/pdf/sensors-23-08903.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d6224b4e61148d7b5ebae085b064b0a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d6224b4e61148d7b5ebae085b064b0a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 21, p 8903 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8903/pdf?version=1698850635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388228623.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2895944784","https://openalex.org/W2914096982","https://openalex.org/W2942087467","https://openalex.org/W3003936169","https://openalex.org/W3012425590","https://openalex.org/W3033568039","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3156129242","https://openalex.org/W3211720546","https://openalex.org/W4200103307","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4281493246","https://openalex.org/W4293543144","https://openalex.org/W4296580930","https://openalex.org/W4309947017","https://openalex.org/W4313185505","https://openalex.org/W4327971061","https://openalex.org/W4362686676","https://openalex.org/W4384926196","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6854779248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3194244590","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W4366607545","https://openalex.org/W3210065602","https://openalex.org/W3132443168","https://openalex.org/W4313015754","https://openalex.org/W3088605168","https://openalex.org/W4388228623","https://openalex.org/W4292223684","https://openalex.org/W4297802034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0,160],"on":[1,161],"the":[2,28,40,49,67,72,78,85,110,115,120,123,126,130,138,142,146,151,154,158,162,165,167,172,184],"practical":[3],"Byzantine":[4,96],"fault":[5,97],"tolerance":[6,98],"algorithm":[7,14,175],"(PBFT),":[8],"a":[9],"grouped":[10,53],"multilayer":[11],"PBFT":[12,173],"consensus":[13,36,42,64,73,112,116,127,135,143,174],"(GM-PBFT)":[15],"is":[16,107,117],"proposed":[17],"to":[18,21,94,137,149,179],"be":[19],"applied":[20],"digital":[22,45,81,194],"asset":[23,46,82],"transactions":[24,189],"in":[25,39,122,129,157,190],"view":[26],"of":[27,63,80,153,164,188],"problems":[29],"with":[30],"excessive":[31],"communication":[32],"complexity":[33],"and":[34,56,92,125,182,186],"low":[35],"efficiency":[37,74],"found":[38],"current":[41],"mechanism":[43,106],"for":[44,119],"transactions.":[47,83],"Firstly,":[48],"transaction":[50,195],"nodes":[51,121,128],"are":[52],"by":[54,99],"type,":[55],"each":[57],"group":[58,86],"can":[59],"handle":[60],"different":[61],"types":[62],"requests":[65,136],"at":[66],"same":[68],"time,":[69],"which":[70],"improves":[71],"as":[75,77],"well":[76],"accuracy":[79],"Second,":[84],"develops":[87],"techniques":[88],"like":[89],"validation,":[90],"auditing,":[91],"re-election":[93],"enhance":[95],"thwarting":[100],"malicious":[101],"node":[102,193],"attacks.":[103],"This":[104],"supervisory":[105],"implemented":[108],"through":[109],"Raft":[111],"algorithm.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"stratified":[118],"group,":[124],"upper":[131],"layer":[132,140,148],"recursively":[133],"send":[134],"lower":[139],"until":[141],"request":[144],"reaches":[145],"end":[147],"ensure":[150],"consistency":[152],"block":[155],"ledger":[156],"group.":[159],"results":[163],"experiment,":[166],"approach":[168],"may":[169],"significantly":[170],"outperform":[171],"when":[176],"it":[177],"comes":[178],"accuracy,":[180],"efficiency,":[181],"preserving":[183],"security":[185],"reliability":[187],"large-scale":[191],"network":[192],"situations.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
