{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388228495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218902","title":"A Universal Digital Lock-in Amplifier Design for Calibrating the Photo-Detector Responses with Standard Black-Bodies","display_name":"A Universal Digital Lock-in Amplifier Design for Calibrating the Photo-Detector Responses with Standard Black-Bodies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388228495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218902","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218902","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8902/pdf?version=1698851829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8902/pdf?version=1698851829","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085071078","display_name":"Zheyi Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheyi Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-9115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111067549","display_name":"Jingpeng Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingpeng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109652132","display_name":"Chang Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075481526","display_name":"Zhewen Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhewen Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428456","display_name":"Qian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1909-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065394949","display_name":"Xiubao Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiubao Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065394949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75858277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"8902","last_page":"8902"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock-in-amplifier","display_name":"Lock-in amplifier","score":0.8481141328811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7618973255157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7493590116500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.7077014446258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6163331866264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.5780665278434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5259906649589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42729029059410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3679957389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21861237287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1340179443359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12627026438713074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780259410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752933","display_name":"Lock-in amplifier","level":4,"score":0.8481141328811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7618973255157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7493590116500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.7077014446258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6163331866264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.5780665278434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5259906649589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42729029059410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3679957389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21861237287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1340179443359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12627026438713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218902","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8902/pdf?version=1698851829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37960600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10648090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10648090","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10648090/pdf/sensors-23-08902.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a3aa8c6ba1642408826af8681fe7201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a3aa8c6ba1642408826af8681fe7201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 21, p 8902 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218902","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8902/pdf?version=1698851829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1444504445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSGP202202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3068490510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30920010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3640206657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62105152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4060191469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30920010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4162411312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30919011401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4836714727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSGP202202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5439867685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2018126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7593432121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30919011401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G935020961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20192003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388228495.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964556916","https://openalex.org/W1990302271","https://openalex.org/W2080672537","https://openalex.org/W2089214046","https://openalex.org/W2111142067","https://openalex.org/W2136145941","https://openalex.org/W2160436805","https://openalex.org/W2169484940","https://openalex.org/W2234433055","https://openalex.org/W2351899967","https://openalex.org/W2486366530","https://openalex.org/W2738614519","https://openalex.org/W2919634026","https://openalex.org/W2946105787","https://openalex.org/W3010783987","https://openalex.org/W3015247000","https://openalex.org/W3096195405","https://openalex.org/W3133997409","https://openalex.org/W3134747453","https://openalex.org/W3176487257","https://openalex.org/W3188242137","https://openalex.org/W4286375734","https://openalex.org/W6705859942","https://openalex.org/W6762859747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2540538849","https://openalex.org/W2585333696","https://openalex.org/W2027390341","https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2129410219","https://openalex.org/W2347877619","https://openalex.org/W1999743466","https://openalex.org/W2393218950","https://openalex.org/W2032191016","https://openalex.org/W2105323068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52,68,89],"lock-in":[1],"amplifier":[2],"(LIA)":[3],"is":[4,101],"widely":[5],"utilized":[6],"to":[7,83],"detect":[8],"ultra-weak":[9],"optical":[10,50],"periodic":[11],"signals":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14],"the":[15,38,57,95,99,105],"phase-sensitive":[16],"and":[17,28,35,59],"enhanced":[18],"detecting":[19],"theory.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24],"present":[25],"an":[26],"all-digital":[27],"universal":[29],"embedded":[30],"LIA":[31,69],"platform":[32],"that":[33],"accurately":[34],"conveniently":[36],"describes":[37],"spectrum":[39],"generated":[40],"by":[41],"standard":[42],"black":[43],"bodies":[44],"at":[45],"various":[46],"temperatures":[47],"with":[48],"different":[49,87],"detectors.":[51],"proposed":[53],"design":[54],"significantly":[55],"reduces":[56],"complexity":[58],"cost":[60],"of":[61,94],"traditional":[62],"analog":[63],"LIAs":[64],"while":[65],"maintaining":[66],"accuracy.":[67],"components":[70],"are":[71],"implemented":[72],"using":[73],"a":[74],"single":[75],"field":[76],"programmable":[77],"gate":[78],"array":[79],"(FPGA),":[80],"offering":[81],"flexibility":[82],"modify":[84],"parameters":[85],"for":[86],"situations.":[88],"normalized":[90],"mean-square":[91],"error":[92],"(NMSE)":[93],"captured":[96],"spectra":[97],"in":[98],"experiments":[100],"within":[102],"0.9%":[103],"compared":[104],"theoretical":[106],"values.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
