{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388018796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218817","title":"Self-Aware Cybersecurity Architecture for Autonomous Vehicles: Security through System-Level Accountability","display_name":"Self-Aware Cybersecurity Architecture for Autonomous Vehicles: Security through System-Level Accountability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388018796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960519"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8817/pdf?version=1698658342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8817/pdf?version=1698658342","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043705315","display_name":"Akwasi Adu-Kyere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4532-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akwasi Adu-Kyere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4532-7643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061073517","display_name":"Ethiopia Nigussie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-4274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethiopia Nigussie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-4274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055846108","display_name":"Jouni Isoaho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-3992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouni Isoaho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-3992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnatie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043705315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2474,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2668},"fwci":1.1216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78103127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"8817","last_page":"8817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamism","display_name":"Dynamism","score":0.7748605012893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7376181483268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.704033374786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6069629192352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5852289199829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.5449811220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.5380913615226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.5109683275222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.5053932666778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-through-obscurity","display_name":"Security through obscurity","score":0.47267967462539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterprise-information-security-architecture","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","score":0.46600279211997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-testing","display_name":"Security testing","score":0.4172128140926361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4143197536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.30486828088760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.24601146578788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2179160714149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11588877439498901}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775836275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502310","display_name":"Dynamism","level":2,"score":0.7748605012893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7376181483268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.704033374786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6069629192352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5852289199829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.5449811220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.5380913615226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.5109683275222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.5053932666778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114869243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133735","display_name":"Security through obscurity","level":5,"score":0.47267967462539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31139447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380386","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","level":2,"score":0.46600279211997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195518309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13424265","display_name":"Security testing","level":5,"score":0.4172128140926361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4143197536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.30486828088760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.24601146578788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2179160714149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11588877439498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8817/pdf?version=1698658342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37960519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10650715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10650715","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10650715/pdf/sensors-23-08817.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.utupub.fi:10024/193700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/193700","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/10024/193700/1/sensors-23-08817.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36dfc1f8cc934ddeb38c150f495abd4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36dfc1f8cc934ddeb38c150f495abd4d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 21, p 8817 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8817/pdf?version=1698658342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388018796.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655377165","https://openalex.org/W1976010390","https://openalex.org/W2044137643","https://openalex.org/W2056163839","https://openalex.org/W2072032617","https://openalex.org/W2142765329","https://openalex.org/W2166602595","https://openalex.org/W2329076814","https://openalex.org/W2471321999","https://openalex.org/W2679572416","https://openalex.org/W2885982780","https://openalex.org/W2897300697","https://openalex.org/W2897983627","https://openalex.org/W2970960767","https://openalex.org/W3008152611","https://openalex.org/W3011082615","https://openalex.org/W3021586725","https://openalex.org/W3037506598","https://openalex.org/W3043018359","https://openalex.org/W3048251191","https://openalex.org/W3065845581","https://openalex.org/W3087811358","https://openalex.org/W3092183908","https://openalex.org/W3097598843","https://openalex.org/W3103530611","https://openalex.org/W3111497602","https://openalex.org/W3135891156","https://openalex.org/W3184350223","https://openalex.org/W3187333736","https://openalex.org/W3194227371","https://openalex.org/W3196180159","https://openalex.org/W3199433898","https://openalex.org/W3214838210","https://openalex.org/W4200076102","https://openalex.org/W4234540472","https://openalex.org/W4250346387","https://openalex.org/W4284695338","https://openalex.org/W4295872790","https://openalex.org/W4309331204","https://openalex.org/W4311214767","https://openalex.org/W4312805713","https://openalex.org/W4313557237","https://openalex.org/W4317419422","https://openalex.org/W4321484167","https://openalex.org/W4322723374","https://openalex.org/W4386067420","https://openalex.org/W4386450908","https://openalex.org/W6674289511","https://openalex.org/W6701925989","https://openalex.org/W6801262983","https://openalex.org/W6846923204","https://openalex.org/W6849826546","https://openalex.org/W6850295503","https://openalex.org/W6855862988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165898552","https://openalex.org/W1811024770","https://openalex.org/W2290724697","https://openalex.org/W88610236","https://openalex.org/W2299494954","https://openalex.org/W4230385779","https://openalex.org/W1528506334","https://openalex.org/W2018644264","https://openalex.org/W2605865535","https://openalex.org/W2187486724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89],"inherent":[1],"dynamism":[2],"of":[3,13,27,96],"recent":[4],"technological":[5],"advancements":[6],"in":[7],"intelligent":[8,87],"vehicles":[9],"has":[10],"seen":[11],"multitudes":[12],"noteworthy":[14],"security":[15,31,46,65,82,99,106,132,143],"concerns":[16],"regarding":[17,173],"interactions":[18],"and":[19,33,38,52,75,112,123,149,167,169,176],"data.":[20],"As":[21],"future":[22],"mobility":[23],"embraces":[24],"the":[25,72,97,140],"concept":[26],"vehicles-to-everything,":[28],"it":[29],"exacerbates":[30],"complexities":[32],"challenges":[34],"concerning":[35],"dynamism,":[36],"adaptiveness,":[37],"self-awareness.":[39],"It":[40,157],"calls":[41],"for":[42],"a":[43,62,80,93,114,124],"transition":[44],"from":[45],"measures":[47],"relying":[48],"on":[49,103],"static":[50],"approaches":[51],"implementations.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"to":[55,86,139],"address":[56],"this":[57,59,145],"transition,":[58],"work":[60],"proposes":[61],"hierarchical":[63,105,159],"self-aware":[64,98],"architecture":[66,83,107,146],"that":[67,108,151,161],"effectively":[68],"establishes":[69],"accountability":[70],"at":[71],"system":[73],"level":[74],"further":[76],"illustrates":[77],"why":[78],"such":[79],"proposed":[81],"is":[84],"relevant":[85],"vehicles.":[88],"article":[90],"provides":[91],"(1)":[92],"comprehensive":[94],"understanding":[95],"concept,":[100],"with":[101,129],"emphasis":[102],"its":[104],"enables":[109],"system-level":[110,155],"accountability,":[111],"(2)":[113],"deep":[115],"dive":[116],"into":[117],"each":[118],"layer":[119],"supported":[120],"by":[121],"algorithms":[122],"security-specific":[125],"in-vehicle":[126,142,168],"black":[127],"box":[128],"external":[130],"virtual":[131],"operation":[133],"center":[134],"(VSOC)":[135],"interactions.":[136],"In":[137],"contrast":[138],"present":[141],"measures,":[144],"introduces":[147],"characteristics":[148],"properties":[150],"enact":[152],"self-awareness":[153],"through":[154],"accountability.":[156],"implements":[158],"layers":[160],"enable":[162],"real-time":[163],"monitoring,":[164],"analysis,":[165],"decision-making,":[166],"remote":[170],"site":[171],"integration":[172],"security-related":[174],"decisions":[175],"activities.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}