{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387909063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218685","title":"A Smartphone-Based Detection System for Tomato Leaf Disease Using EfficientNetV2B2 and Its Explainability with Artificial Intelligence (AI)","display_name":"A Smartphone-Based Detection System for Tomato Leaf Disease Using EfficientNetV2B2 and Its Explainability with Artificial Intelligence (AI)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387909063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218685","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218685","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8685/pdf?version=1698154485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8685/pdf?version=1698154485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015185483","display_name":"Anjan Debnath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7958-3027"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjan Debnath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7958-3027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019226690","display_name":"Md. Mahedi Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9921"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Mahedi Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058039230","display_name":"M. Raihan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-3555"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Raihan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-3555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093119520","display_name":"Nadim Samrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1727-3391"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadim Samrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1727-3391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010624503","display_name":"Mashael M. Alsulami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-8278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mashael M. Alsulami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045359397","display_name":"Mehedi Masud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehedi Masud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-7245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019217199","display_name":"Anupam Kumar Bairagi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-1301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124386471","display_name":"Khulna University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pny7s12","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124386471"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Kumar Bairagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-1301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124386471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019217199","https://openalex.org/A5058039230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124386471"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.3427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98672509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"8685","last_page":"8685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9330999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6617124080657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.550596296787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5458633303642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5390429496765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4764017164707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.47198063135147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08910670876502991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6617124080657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.550596296787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5458633303642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5390429496765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4764017164707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.47198063135147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08910670876502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218685","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8685/pdf?version=1698154485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37960385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10648786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10648786","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10648786/pdf/sensors-23-08685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c129e00ca517422fa399f473979ce823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c129e00ca517422fa399f473979ce823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 21, p 8685 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218685","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8685/pdf?version=1698154485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387909063.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2614850301","https://openalex.org/W2767329619","https://openalex.org/W2884416373","https://openalex.org/W2887801798","https://openalex.org/W2921403460","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W3000208741","https://openalex.org/W3016522735","https://openalex.org/W3022836752","https://openalex.org/W3029816221","https://openalex.org/W3036537849","https://openalex.org/W3080594017","https://openalex.org/W3088352450","https://openalex.org/W3093722261","https://openalex.org/W3132328762","https://openalex.org/W3155966371","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3177802711","https://openalex.org/W3180632644","https://openalex.org/W3191155234","https://openalex.org/W3195569425","https://openalex.org/W3215484246","https://openalex.org/W4205719875","https://openalex.org/W4206338051","https://openalex.org/W4210282496","https://openalex.org/W4223961890","https://openalex.org/W4225270208","https://openalex.org/W4225812677","https://openalex.org/W4229042143","https://openalex.org/W4229450580","https://openalex.org/W4286009155","https://openalex.org/W4290997076","https://openalex.org/W4291753147","https://openalex.org/W4328115538","https://openalex.org/W4376891517","https://openalex.org/W4379365468","https://openalex.org/W4381487685","https://openalex.org/W4381712645","https://openalex.org/W4381801450","https://openalex.org/W4382023292","https://openalex.org/W4385577621","https://openalex.org/W6776798986","https://openalex.org/W6784729511","https://openalex.org/W6793164127","https://openalex.org/W6802471268","https://openalex.org/W6806236022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W2939353110","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3046775127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,13,106,181,216,237],"occurrence":[1],"of":[2,16,27,91,94,112,157,200],"tomato":[3,78,86,98,130,186,213,252],"diseases":[4,17,145,188],"has":[5],"substantially":[6],"reduced":[7],"agricultural":[8],"output":[9],"and":[10,23,38,52,68,96,117,138,153,164,167,178,210,231,244],"financial":[11],"losses.":[12],"timely":[14],"detection":[15,31,49],"is":[18,56,109,174],"crucial":[19],"to":[20,64,102],"effectively":[21],"manage":[22],"mitigate":[24],"the":[25,110,113,126,150,169,172,197,249],"impact":[26,77],"episodes.":[28],"Early":[29],"illness":[30],"can":[32,146,183],"improve":[33],"output,":[34],"reduce":[35],"chemical":[36],"use,":[37],"boost":[39],"a":[40,66,129,139,154,261],"nation's":[41],"economy.":[42],"A":[43,89],"complete":[44],"system":[45,71,116,195],"for":[46,72],"plant":[47],"disease":[48,132,208,254],"using":[50,134,149],"EfficientNetV2B2":[51,107,151],"deep":[53,114],"learning":[54,115,123],"(DL)":[55],"presented":[57],"in":[58,176,203],"this":[59,104,190],"paper.":[60],"This":[61,80],"research":[62],"aims":[63],"develop":[65],"precise":[67],"effective":[69],"automated":[70,194],"identifying":[73],"several":[74],"illnesses":[75],"that":[76],"plants.":[79],"will":[81],"be":[82,147],"achieved":[83,220,240],"by":[84],"analyzing":[85],"leaf":[87,131,144,187,253],"photos.":[88],"dataset":[90,133],"high-resolution":[92],"photographs":[93],"healthy":[95],"diseased":[97],"leaves":[99],"was":[100],"created":[101],"achieve":[103],"goal.":[105],"model":[108,127,152],"foundation":[111],"excels":[118],"at":[119],"picture":[120],"categorization.":[121],"Transfer":[122],"(TF)":[124],"trains":[125],"on":[128,207,260],"EfficientNetV2B2's":[135],"pre-existing":[136],"weights":[137],"256-layer":[140],"dense":[141,155],"layer.":[142],"Tomato":[143],"identified":[148],"layer":[156],"256":[158],"nodes.":[159],"An":[160],"ideal":[161],"loss":[162],"function":[163],"algorithm":[165],"train":[166],"tune":[168],"model.":[170],"Next,":[171],"concept":[173],"deployed":[175],"smartphones":[177],"online":[179],"apps.":[180],"user":[182],"accurately":[184],"diagnose":[185],"with":[189],"application.":[191],"Utilizing":[192],"an":[193],"facilitates":[196],"rapid":[198],"identification":[199,255],"diseases,":[201],"assisting":[202],"making":[204],"informed":[205],"decisions":[206],"management":[209],"promoting":[211],"sustainable":[212],"cultivation":[214],"practices.":[215],"5-fold":[217],"cross-validation":[218],"method":[219,239],"99.02%":[221],"average":[222,227,233],"weighted":[223,228,234],"training":[224,242],"accuracy,":[225,230],"99.22%":[226],"validation":[229,246],"98.96%":[232],"test":[235,262],"accuracy.":[236,247],"split":[238],"99.93%":[241],"accuracy":[243,259],"100%":[245,258],"Using":[248],"DL":[250],"approach,":[251],"achieves":[256],"nearly":[257],"dataset.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
