{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387909307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218677","title":"WD-YOLO: A More Accurate YOLO for Defect Detection in Weld X-ray Images","display_name":"WD-YOLO: A More Accurate YOLO for Defect Detection in Weld X-ray Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387909307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218677","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218677","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8677/pdf?version=1698145094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8677/pdf?version=1698145094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016611860","display_name":"Kunyuan Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kailai Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019641005","display_name":"Haiyang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-8524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113192482","display_name":"Pan Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019641005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.8173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96282272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"8677","last_page":"8677"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7346621155738831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.7202029824256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6941384673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6409186124801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.4958098828792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48318424820899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.4475265443325043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43906208872795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37886837124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1522531509399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11268532276153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08534863591194153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7346621155738831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.7202029824256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6941384673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6409186124801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4958098828792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48318424820899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.4475265443325043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43906208872795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37886837124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1522531509399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11268532276153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08534863591194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218677","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8677/pdf?version=1698145094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37960377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10649023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10649023","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10649023/pdf/sensors-23-08677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22bb8092c17441249be9cdec702cc194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22bb8092c17441249be9cdec702cc194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 21, p 8677 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23218677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218677","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8677/pdf?version=1698145094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387909307.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964854134","https://openalex.org/W1976644809","https://openalex.org/W1979804891","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2911923560","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W3124196589","https://openalex.org/W3133882559","https://openalex.org/W3136545562","https://openalex.org/W3159315196","https://openalex.org/W3165012668","https://openalex.org/W3203146146","https://openalex.org/W4220708328","https://openalex.org/W4242999994","https://openalex.org/W4281250217","https://openalex.org/W4293661171","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312803096","https://openalex.org/W4321501088","https://openalex.org/W4322706613","https://openalex.org/W4322706654","https://openalex.org/W4380680196","https://openalex.org/W4383215459","https://openalex.org/W4384027984","https://openalex.org/W4385652445","https://openalex.org/W4385700549","https://openalex.org/W4385835130","https://openalex.org/W4386075524","https://openalex.org/W4386247141","https://openalex.org/W6757804589","https://openalex.org/W6824818101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069592018","https://openalex.org/W2075740387","https://openalex.org/W2262409920","https://openalex.org/W3192220280","https://openalex.org/W2549651119","https://openalex.org/W2514640320","https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W2358990940","https://openalex.org/W4206776094","https://openalex.org/W3121197456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"X-ray":[0],"images":[1,16],"are":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"industrial":[5],"non-destructive":[6],"testing":[7],"method.":[8],"However,":[9],"the":[10,20,85,96,107],"contrast":[11,68],"of":[12,24,92],"some":[13],"weld":[14,37,57],"seam":[15],"is":[17],"low,":[18],"and":[19,22,51,77,90,114,129],"shapes":[21],"sizes":[23],"defects":[25,35],"vary":[26],"greatly,":[27],"which":[28],"makes":[29],"it":[30],"very":[31],"difficult":[32],"to":[33,69,105,109],"detect":[34],"in":[36],"seams.":[38],"In":[39,81,95],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42,83,99],"propose":[43,84],"a":[44,52,101,124],"gray":[45],"value":[46],"curve":[47],"enhancement":[48],"(GCE)":[49],"module":[50,64],"model":[53,108,122,132],"specifically":[54],"designed":[55],"for":[56,88],"defect":[58],"detection,":[59],"namely":[60],"WD-YOLO.":[61],"The":[62],"GCE":[63],"can":[65],"improve":[66],"image":[67,93],"make":[70],"detection":[71],"easier.":[72],"WD-YOLO":[73],"adopts":[74],"feature":[75],"pyramid":[76],"path":[78],"aggregation":[79],"designs.":[80],"particular,":[82],"NeXt":[86],"backbone":[87],"extraction":[89],"fusion":[91],"features.":[94],"YOLO":[97],"head,":[98],"added":[100],"dual":[102],"attention":[103],"mechanism":[104],"enable":[106],"better":[110],"distinguish":[111],"between":[112,127],"foreground":[113],"background":[115],"areas.":[116],"Experimental":[117],"results":[118],"show":[119],"that":[120],"our":[121],"achieves":[123],"satisfactory":[125],"balance":[126],"performance":[128],"accuracy.":[130],"Our":[131],"achieved":[133],"92.6%":[134],"mAP@0.5":[135],"with":[136],"98":[137],"frames":[138],"per":[139],"second.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
