{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387874460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208652","title":"Testing and Evaluation of Low-Cost Sensors for Developing Open Smart Campus Systems Based on IoT","display_name":"Testing and Evaluation of Low-Cost Sensors for Developing Open Smart Campus Systems Based on IoT","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387874460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208652","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8652/pdf?version=1698114156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8652/pdf?version=1698114156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016430025","display_name":"Pascal Neis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164387090","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/02re32a17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Neis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076081050","display_name":"Dominik Warch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-3059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164387090","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/02re32a17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Warch","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-3059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113029645","display_name":"Max Hoppe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164387090","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/02re32a17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Hoppe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, 55128 Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016430025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164387090"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2738,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2952},"fwci":1.561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84320014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8652","last_page":"8652"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.5949273109436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5912886261940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.578300952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visitor-pattern","display_name":"Visitor pattern","score":0.5413347482681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-automation","display_name":"Building automation","score":0.5340700745582581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.5310505032539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4977598488330841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4408620595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.43395310640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.42979440093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34450763463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26767969131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.257834255695343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.23394742608070374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.5949273109436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5912886261940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.578300952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.5413347482681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83931994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149653","display_name":"Building automation","level":2,"score":0.5340700745582581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.5310505032539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4977598488330841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4408620595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.43395310640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.42979440093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34450763463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26767969131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.257834255695343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.23394742608070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8652/pdf?version=1698114156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37896746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10611299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10611299","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10611299/pdf/sensors-23-08652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:959cbb1e0d4c49b689fb728928628e5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/959cbb1e0d4c49b689fb728928628e5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8652 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8652/pdf?version=1698114156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387874460.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506600438","https://openalex.org/W1967617464","https://openalex.org/W1973747781","https://openalex.org/W1984480097","https://openalex.org/W2003730896","https://openalex.org/W2024669213","https://openalex.org/W2026332379","https://openalex.org/W2044096113","https://openalex.org/W2054166905","https://openalex.org/W2068220298","https://openalex.org/W2102599016","https://openalex.org/W2102919997","https://openalex.org/W2108422006","https://openalex.org/W2110152355","https://openalex.org/W2126311411","https://openalex.org/W2137479423","https://openalex.org/W2151655993","https://openalex.org/W2312831072","https://openalex.org/W2579544370","https://openalex.org/W2618825752","https://openalex.org/W2769528207","https://openalex.org/W2770053221","https://openalex.org/W2775774262","https://openalex.org/W2798333819","https://openalex.org/W2896726780","https://openalex.org/W2902306794","https://openalex.org/W2903177638","https://openalex.org/W2913374433","https://openalex.org/W2920754053","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2972412491","https://openalex.org/W2997154460","https://openalex.org/W2999785729","https://openalex.org/W3004159785","https://openalex.org/W3004370189","https://openalex.org/W3008604130","https://openalex.org/W3013180831","https://openalex.org/W3023451744","https://openalex.org/W3037325009","https://openalex.org/W3045524092","https://openalex.org/W3048242569","https://openalex.org/W3092060762","https://openalex.org/W3109644637","https://openalex.org/W3111050625","https://openalex.org/W3113245707","https://openalex.org/W3117916727","https://openalex.org/W3126022599","https://openalex.org/W3164285316","https://openalex.org/W3171635128","https://openalex.org/W3175298934","https://openalex.org/W3179223069","https://openalex.org/W3196343148","https://openalex.org/W3203405936","https://openalex.org/W3212953487","https://openalex.org/W4200020169","https://openalex.org/W4206354145","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4213009368","https://openalex.org/W4213095948","https://openalex.org/W4220859147","https://openalex.org/W4224304475","https://openalex.org/W4280522675","https://openalex.org/W4285012172","https://openalex.org/W4285215960","https://openalex.org/W4285604463","https://openalex.org/W4294253312","https://openalex.org/W4296357244","https://openalex.org/W4306770098","https://openalex.org/W4309571064","https://openalex.org/W4311788292","https://openalex.org/W4312127861","https://openalex.org/W4312250389","https://openalex.org/W4319601920","https://openalex.org/W4321202260","https://openalex.org/W4360982393","https://openalex.org/W4361289515","https://openalex.org/W6745989326","https://openalex.org/W6747046109","https://openalex.org/W6786562384","https://openalex.org/W6803376173","https://openalex.org/W6804858842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2389484663","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W2978075000","https://openalex.org/W100279264","https://openalex.org/W2962094963","https://openalex.org/W2544143187","https://openalex.org/W4296079710","https://openalex.org/W2592405394","https://openalex.org/W1972440681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urbanization":[0],"has":[1],"led":[2],"to":[3,16,71],"the":[4,7,63,90,101,104,112,169],"need":[5],"for":[6,75,125],"intelligent":[8],"management":[9],"of":[10,28,65,82,92,103,114,172],"various":[11],"urban":[12],"challenges,":[13],"from":[14],"traffic":[15],"energy.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"context,":[20],"smart":[21,29,116],"campuses":[22],"and":[23,34,38,50,57,68,86,89,94,107,133,142,162],"buildings":[24],"emerge":[25],"as":[26],"microcosms":[27],"cities,":[30],"offering":[31],"both":[32],"opportunities":[33],"challenges":[35],"in":[36],"technology":[37],"communication":[39],"integration.":[40],"This":[41,144],"study":[42,145],"sets":[43],"itself":[44],"apart":[45],"by":[46],"prioritizing":[47],"sustainable,":[48],"adaptable,":[49,160],"reusable":[51,163],"solutions":[52],"through":[53],"an":[54],"open-source":[55],"framework":[56,149],"open":[58,115],"data":[59,74,131],"protocols.":[60],"We":[61],"utilized":[62,105],"Internet":[64],"Things":[66],"(IoT)":[67],"cost-effective":[69],"sensors":[70],"capture":[72],"real-time":[73,80],"three":[76],"different":[77],"use":[78],"cases:":[79],"monitoring":[81],"visitor":[83,122],"counts,":[84],"room":[85],"parking":[87],"occupancy,":[88],"collection":[91],"environment":[93],"climate":[95],"data.":[96],"Our":[97],"analysis":[98],"revealed":[99],"that":[100,150],"implementation":[102,113],"hardware":[106],"software":[108],"combination":[109],"significantly":[110],"improved":[111],"campus":[117],"systems,":[118],"providing":[119],"a":[120,147],"usable":[121],"information":[123],"system":[124],"students.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"our":[128],"focus":[129],"on":[130],"privacy":[132],"technological":[134,154],"versatility":[135],"offers":[136],"valuable":[137],"insights":[138],"into":[139],"real-world":[140],"applicability":[141],"limitations.":[143],"contributes":[146],"novel":[148],"not":[151],"only":[152],"drives":[153],"advancements":[155],"but":[156],"is":[157],"also":[158],"readily":[159],"improvable,":[161],"across":[164],"diverse":[165],"settings,":[166],"thereby":[167],"showcasing":[168],"untapped":[170],"potential":[171],"smart,":[173],"sustainable":[174],"systems.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}