{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387706600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208530","title":"Comparing Three Methods of Selecting Training Samples in Supervised Classification of Multispectral Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"Comparing Three Methods of Selecting Training Samples in Supervised Classification of Multispectral Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387706600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8530/pdf?version=1697550441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8530/pdf?version=1697550441","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420483","display_name":"Hongying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-9813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100539861","display_name":"Jinxin He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinxin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103100390","display_name":"Shengbo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-709X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengbo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103110881","display_name":"Ye Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4706-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167232","display_name":"PLA Air Force Aviation University","ror":"https://ror.org/031g2ra50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aviation Operations Service College, Aviation University Air Force, Changchun 130021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aviation Operations Service College, Aviation University Air Force, Changchun 130021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yanyan Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102894085","display_name":"Yujia Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3608-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100539861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.8912,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92056229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8530","last_page":"8530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7154117822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7064120173454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7018247842788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6557866930961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6012026071548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5952913165092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.583074688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.560806393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5057101249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.4770759344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.41119492053985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33207517862319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27454620599746704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7154117822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7064120173454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7018247842788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6557866930961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6012026071548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5952913165092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.583074688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.560806393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5057101249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4770759344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.41119492053985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33207517862319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27454620599746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8530/pdf?version=1697550441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10610573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10610573","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610573/pdf/sensors-23-08530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:689a13d4a284483eb7b780e968a39e20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/689a13d4a284483eb7b780e968a39e20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8530 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208530","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8530/pdf?version=1697550441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700328094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0714103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8826594543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2020YFA0714103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906231618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0714103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322300","funder_display_name":"Jilin University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322300","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387706600.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1580493526","https://openalex.org/W1972094222","https://openalex.org/W1996777760","https://openalex.org/W2004206930","https://openalex.org/W2008947716","https://openalex.org/W2009286595","https://openalex.org/W2020520344","https://openalex.org/W2035636738","https://openalex.org/W2036663517","https://openalex.org/W2131864940","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2745657436","https://openalex.org/W2763734094","https://openalex.org/W2808232479","https://openalex.org/W2921468651","https://openalex.org/W2943903181","https://openalex.org/W3004875555","https://openalex.org/W3126087996","https://openalex.org/W3141898592","https://openalex.org/W3185545414","https://openalex.org/W4366524910","https://openalex.org/W6652555363","https://openalex.org/W6762133686","https://openalex.org/W6773236622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W1544811710","https://openalex.org/W4388745254","https://openalex.org/W2980082554","https://openalex.org/W2767419625","https://openalex.org/W2389704471","https://openalex.org/W1517228774","https://openalex.org/W2117019857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Selecting":[0],"training":[1,26,40],"samples":[2,41,135],"is":[3],"crucial":[4],"in":[5,131],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"image":[8,124],"classification.":[9],"In":[10,92],"this":[11],"paper,":[12],"we":[13],"selected":[14,39],"three":[15,22,44,63,71],"images\u2014Sentinel-2,":[16],"GF-1,":[17],"and":[18,32,53],"Landsat":[19],"8\u2014and":[20],"employed":[21],"methods":[23],"for":[24],"selecting":[25],"samples:":[27],"grouping":[28,82,95,111,120],"selection,":[29,31],"entropy-based":[30,79],"direct":[33,100],"selection.":[34],"We":[35],"then":[36],"used":[37],"the":[38,58,62,67,70,78,81,94,99,104,110,115,119,123,129,132],"to":[42,66],"train":[43],"supervised":[45],"classification":[46,59,72,87,125],"models\u2014random":[47],"forest":[48],"(RF),":[49],"support-vector":[50],"machine":[51],"(SVM),":[52],"k-nearest":[54],"neighbor":[55],"(KNN)\u2014and":[56],"evaluated":[57],"results":[60],"of":[61,107,134],"images.":[64],"According":[65],"experimental":[68],"results,":[69],"models":[73],"performed":[74,114],"similarly.":[75],"Compared":[76],"with":[77,103,128],"method,":[80,122],"selection":[83,96,101,112,121],"method":[84,97,102,113],"achieved":[85],"higher":[86],"accuracy":[88,126],"using":[89,118],"fewer":[90],"samples.":[91,108],"addition,":[93],"outperformed":[98],"same":[105],"number":[106,133],"Therefore,":[109],"best.":[116],"When":[117],"increased":[127],"increase":[130],"within":[136],"a":[137],"certain":[138],"sample":[139],"size":[140],"range.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
