{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387707221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","title":"Characterisation of Cognitive Load Using Machine Learning Classifiers of Electroencephalogram Data","display_name":"Characterisation of Cognitive Load Using Machine Learning Classifiers of Electroencephalogram Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387707221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8528/pdf?version=1697549094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8528/pdf?version=1697549094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102766967","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-081X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093077580","display_name":"Daniel Smythe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Smythe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079140622","display_name":"Jun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2121-7631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2121-7631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101445562","display_name":"Zhilin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhilin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-2708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040573722","display_name":"Karl Proctor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130198913","display_name":"Jaguar Land Rover (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/03b66v461","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130198913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127762","display_name":"Coventry (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/030nd5313","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl J. Proctor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jaguar Land Rover Research, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jaguar Land Rover Research, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130198913","https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080036318","display_name":"Andrew P. Owens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-0164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130198913","display_name":"Jaguar Land Rover (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/03b66v461","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130198913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127762","display_name":"Coventry (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/030nd5313","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew P. Owens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jaguar Land Rover Research, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jaguar Land Rover Research, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130198913","https://openalex.org/I4210127762"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087731729","display_name":"Yifan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087731729"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.9106,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91379992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8528","last_page":"8528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.8646010160446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.7291393280029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7266185283660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6847614049911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6231298446655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5569776296615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5367845892906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.47627466917037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46352583169937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32196030020713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1650550365447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08985993266105652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.8646010160446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.7291393280029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7266185283660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6847614049911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6231298446655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5569776296615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5367845892906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.47627466917037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46352583169937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32196030020713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1650550365447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08985993266105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8528/pdf?version=1697549094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37896621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10611194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10611194","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10611194/pdf/sensors-23-08528.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/3de3e7c2-7ae1-4909-b00b-57785af980fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/files/210789833/sensors-23-08528.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/210789833/sensors-23-08528.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang , Q , Smythe , D , Cao , J , Hu , Z , Proctor , K J , Owens , A P & Zhao , Y 2023 , ' Characterisation of Cognitive Load Using Machine Learning Classifiers of Electroencephalogram Data ' , Sensors , vol. 23 , no. 20 , 8528 . https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2587a8faf5d2472097df965d65772ea5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2587a8faf5d2472097df965d65772ea5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8528 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/20423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/3de3e7c2-7ae1-4909-b00b-57785af980fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/3de3e7c2-7ae1-4909-b00b-57785af980fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang , Q , Smythe , D , Cao , J , Hu , Z , Proctor , K J , Owens , A P & Zhao , Y 2023 , ' Characterisation of Cognitive Load Using Machine Learning Classifiers of Electroencephalogram Data ' , Sensors , vol. 23 , no. 20 , 8528 . https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208528","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8528/pdf?version=1697549094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G564090428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IF2223B-110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","funder_display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320343","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387707221.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489143527","https://openalex.org/W1964867524","https://openalex.org/W1983939506","https://openalex.org/W2028529728","https://openalex.org/W2041329603","https://openalex.org/W2045714005","https://openalex.org/W2075928993","https://openalex.org/W2080209737","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2151123821","https://openalex.org/W2153578594","https://openalex.org/W2156662050","https://openalex.org/W2169918686","https://openalex.org/W2244991220","https://openalex.org/W2273288871","https://openalex.org/W2328087580","https://openalex.org/W2385955776","https://openalex.org/W2386393684","https://openalex.org/W2414309931","https://openalex.org/W2518153892","https://openalex.org/W2549392078","https://openalex.org/W2605473201","https://openalex.org/W2606337139","https://openalex.org/W2734549536","https://openalex.org/W2762260497","https://openalex.org/W2774049169","https://openalex.org/W2886301707","https://openalex.org/W2890363742","https://openalex.org/W2903486342","https://openalex.org/W2908578648","https://openalex.org/W2911663851","https://openalex.org/W2952113293","https://openalex.org/W2991285291","https://openalex.org/W3098796361","https://openalex.org/W3114735065","https://openalex.org/W3175829748","https://openalex.org/W3176405368","https://openalex.org/W3214048248","https://openalex.org/W3214574835","https://openalex.org/W3214662938","https://openalex.org/W4220996532","https://openalex.org/W4221029594","https://openalex.org/W4226106046","https://openalex.org/W4256412144","https://openalex.org/W4289278060","https://openalex.org/W4292873486","https://openalex.org/W4378234485","https://openalex.org/W4386328506","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6694191619","https://openalex.org/W6787735218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W2183783065","https://openalex.org/W38738745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"high":[1],"cognitive":[2,22,56,66,86,137],"load":[3,23,57,67,87],"can":[4,128],"overload":[5],"a":[6,31,76,117,165],"person,":[7],"potentially":[8],"resulting":[9],"in":[10,44,55,68,136,177],"catastrophic":[11],"accidents.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14],"therefore":[15],"important":[16],"to":[17,39,42,64,104,124,144,208,216],"ensure":[18],"the":[19,45,69,80,161,182,192,198,206,210],"level":[20],"of":[21,71,82,85,119,134,168,202,213],"associated":[24],"with":[25],"safety-critical":[26],"tasks":[27,115],"(such":[28],"as":[29,131],"driving":[30,46,93,106,114],"vehicle)":[32],"remains":[33],"manageable":[34],"for":[35],"drivers,":[36],"enabling":[37],"them":[38],"respond":[40],"appropriately":[41],"changes":[43,135],"environment.":[47],"Although":[48],"electroencephalography":[49],"(EEG)":[50],"has":[51],"attracted":[52],"significant":[53],"interest":[54],"research,":[58],"few":[59],"studies":[60],"have":[61,205],"used":[62,130,143],"EEG":[63,102,109,127,179],"investigate":[65,125],"context":[70],"driving.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"presents":[75],"feasibility":[77],"study":[78,204],"on":[79],"simulation":[81],"various":[83],"levels":[84],"through":[88],"designing":[89],"and":[90,150,184,194],"implementing":[91],"four":[92,113,146,151],"tasks.":[94],"We":[95],"employ":[96],"machine":[97],"learning-based":[98],"classification":[99,155,166,189],"techniques":[100],"using":[101],"recordings":[103],"differentiate":[105],"conditions.":[107],"An":[108],"dataset":[110,141],"containing":[111],"these":[112],"from":[116,173],"group":[118],"20":[120],"participants":[121],"was":[122,142],"collected":[123,140],"whether":[126],"be":[129],"an":[132],"indicator":[133],"load.":[138],"The":[139,157,200],"train":[145],"Deep":[147],"Neural":[148],"Networks":[149],"Support":[152],"Vector":[153],"Machine":[154],"models.":[156],"results":[158],"showed":[159],"that":[160],"best":[162],"model":[163],"achieved":[164,187],"accuracy":[167,190],"90.37%,":[169],"utilising":[170],"statistical":[171],"features":[172],"multiple":[174],"frequency":[175],"bands":[176,186,196],"24":[178],"channels.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"Gamma":[183],"Beta":[185],"higher":[188],"than":[191],"Alpha":[193],"Theta":[195],"during":[197],"analysis.":[199],"outcomes":[201],"this":[203],"potential":[207],"enhance":[209],"Human-Machine":[211],"Interface":[212],"vehicles,":[214],"contributing":[215],"improved":[217],"safety.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}