{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387653720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208473","title":"Self-Supervised Steering and Path Labeling for Autonomous Driving","display_name":"Self-Supervised Steering and Path Labeling for Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387653720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8473/pdf?version=1697348721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8473/pdf?version=1697348721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053090332","display_name":"Andrei Mihalea","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Mihalea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045603456","display_name":"Robert-Florian Samoilescu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert-Florian Samoilescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074295040","display_name":"Adina Magda Florea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-1871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adina Magda Florea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053090332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1226,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4243472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8473","last_page":"8473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7131950259208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6368775367736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5768716335296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5565794110298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4958840310573578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.49127811193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.4321422576904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4275232255458832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4202117621898651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40066713094711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34934499859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17682325839996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.1759258210659027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7131950259208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6368775367736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5768716335296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5565794110298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4958840310573578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.49127811193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.4321422576904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4275232255458832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4202117621898651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40066713094711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34934499859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17682325839996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.1759258210659027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8473/pdf?version=1697348721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37896566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10610600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10610600","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610600/pdf/sensors-23-08473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:747003de4ca84571bc600beabba95ba2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/747003de4ca84571bc600beabba95ba2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8473 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8473/pdf?version=1697348721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387653720.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883517952","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2167224731","https://openalex.org/W2171740948","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2216090464","https://openalex.org/W2259424905","https://openalex.org/W2410617946","https://openalex.org/W2422409530","https://openalex.org/W2520707372","https://openalex.org/W2559767995","https://openalex.org/W2561074213","https://openalex.org/W2609883120","https://openalex.org/W2790124348","https://openalex.org/W2792170448","https://openalex.org/W2806446538","https://openalex.org/W2901241793","https://openalex.org/W2904498880","https://openalex.org/W2905173465","https://openalex.org/W2913921102","https://openalex.org/W2953969171","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963110069","https://openalex.org/W2963424321","https://openalex.org/W2963583471","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963906250","https://openalex.org/W2964014680","https://openalex.org/W2964968086","https://openalex.org/W2968983352","https://openalex.org/W2970369664","https://openalex.org/W2981732213","https://openalex.org/W2982102242","https://openalex.org/W2999862950","https://openalex.org/W3008154156","https://openalex.org/W3021252423","https://openalex.org/W3034604951","https://openalex.org/W3090153548","https://openalex.org/W3162552392","https://openalex.org/W3216393814","https://openalex.org/W4205098306","https://openalex.org/W6677830229","https://openalex.org/W6687483927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W200819717","https://openalex.org/W1991834176","https://openalex.org/W2032269556","https://openalex.org/W3037187668","https://openalex.org/W2944448661","https://openalex.org/W2064421702","https://openalex.org/W2131956013","https://openalex.org/W2109107145","https://openalex.org/W2805523177","https://openalex.org/W4381188157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1,139],"is":[2],"a":[3,86,99,107,115,136],"complex":[4],"task":[5],"that":[6,69,88,102],"requires":[7],"high-level":[8],"hierarchical":[9],"reasoning.":[10],"Various":[11],"solutions":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14],"hand-crafted":[15],"rules,":[16],"multi-modal":[17],"systems,":[18],"or":[19,52],"end-to-end":[20],"learning":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"proposed":[24],"over":[25],"time":[26],"but":[27],"are":[28,56],"not":[29],"quite":[30],"ready":[31],"to":[32,58,75,134],"deliver":[33],"the":[34,120,128,131],"accuracy":[35],"and":[36,55,130],"safety":[37],"necessary":[38],"for":[39,49],"real-world":[40],"urban":[41],"autonomous":[42,138],"driving.":[43],"Those":[44],"methods":[45],"require":[46],"expensive":[47],"hardware":[48],"data":[50,78,92,97,126],"collection":[51],"environmental":[53],"perception":[54],"sensitive":[57],"distribution":[59],"shifts,":[60],"making":[61],"large-scale":[62],"adoption":[63],"impractical.":[64],"We":[65],"present":[66],"an":[67],"approach":[68],"solely":[70],"uses":[71],"monocular":[72],"camera":[73],"inputs":[74],"generate":[76],"valuable":[77],"without":[79],"any":[80],"supervision.":[81],"Our":[82],"main":[83],"contributions":[84],"involve":[85],"mechanism":[87],"can":[89],"provide":[90],"steering":[91],"annotations":[93],"starting":[94],"from":[95],"unlabeled":[96],"alongside":[98],"different":[100],"pipeline":[101],"generates":[103],"path":[104],"labels":[105],"in":[106],"completely":[108],"self-supervised":[109],"manner.":[110],"Thus,":[111],"our":[112],"method":[113],"represents":[114],"natural":[116],"step":[117],"towards":[118],"leveraging":[119],"large":[121],"amounts":[122],"of":[123],"available":[124],"online":[125],"ensuring":[127],"complexity":[129],"diversity":[132],"required":[133],"learn":[135],"robust":[137],"policy.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
