{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387533146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208382","title":"Detection of Fatigue Cracks for Concrete Structures by Using Carbon Ink-Based Conductive Skin and Electrical Resistance Tomography","display_name":"Detection of Fatigue Cracks for Concrete Structures by Using Carbon Ink-Based Conductive Skin and Electrical Resistance Tomography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387533146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208382","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8382/pdf?version=1696996918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8382/pdf?version=1696996918","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088223330","display_name":"Chenning Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenning Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061475237","display_name":"Shaolin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaolin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089195408","display_name":"Lina Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7846-2454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061475237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.3352,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50524456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8382","last_page":"8382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7038443684577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cracking","display_name":"Cracking","score":0.658493161201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.6048245429992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistance-and-conductance","display_name":"Electrical resistance and conductance","score":0.5583074688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.4762956202030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.44908517599105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.41534945368766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductivity","display_name":"Conductivity","score":0.41381925344467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3670597970485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10839459300041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09835198521614075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7038443684577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58396970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212749","display_name":"Cracking","level":2,"score":0.658493161201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.6048245429992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94857076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106603432","display_name":"Electrical resistance and conductance","level":2,"score":0.5583074688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4762956202030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.44908517599105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.41534945368766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131540310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907564","display_name":"Conductivity","level":2,"score":0.41381925344467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3670597970485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10839459300041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09835198521614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8382/pdf?version=1696996918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37896476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10610693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10610693","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610693/pdf/sensors-23-08382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56aa160818894b469b03c9e7bcf377de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56aa160818894b469b03c9e7bcf377de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8382 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8382/pdf?version=1696996918","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322438","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387533146.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992681652","https://openalex.org/W2000843986","https://openalex.org/W2012975352","https://openalex.org/W2015021179","https://openalex.org/W2029251197","https://openalex.org/W2036323223","https://openalex.org/W2075324846","https://openalex.org/W2081536312","https://openalex.org/W2082949320","https://openalex.org/W2103559027","https://openalex.org/W2127476889","https://openalex.org/W2129132840","https://openalex.org/W2142058898","https://openalex.org/W2203507550","https://openalex.org/W2523388524","https://openalex.org/W2528504988","https://openalex.org/W2593805694","https://openalex.org/W2617470175","https://openalex.org/W2900618894","https://openalex.org/W2943651717","https://openalex.org/W3020503318","https://openalex.org/W3081822115","https://openalex.org/W3183864317","https://openalex.org/W3203335345","https://openalex.org/W3211597649","https://openalex.org/W4283073135","https://openalex.org/W4292824813","https://openalex.org/W4309305300","https://openalex.org/W4311988909","https://openalex.org/W4376111741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022371719","https://openalex.org/W4210892843","https://openalex.org/W2773966425","https://openalex.org/W2061056948","https://openalex.org/W2353494441","https://openalex.org/W4286203670","https://openalex.org/W309398776","https://openalex.org/W2379625753","https://openalex.org/W2376067757","https://openalex.org/W2313622927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concrete":[0],"is":[1,41,82,86,150,182],"among":[2],"the":[3,15,34,89,111,115,118,164],"most":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"structural":[7,37,56],"materials":[8],"in":[9,50,125,133,159,184],"buildings":[10],"and":[11,47,68,77,121,136,166,176],"bridges":[12],"all":[13],"over":[14],"world.":[16],"During":[17],"their":[18,48],"service":[19],"life,":[20],"concrete":[21,51,71,92,189],"structures":[22,52,72],"may":[23],"inevitably":[24],"display":[25],"cracks":[26,46,106],"due":[27],"to":[28,33,44,97,152,162,192],"long-term":[29],"fatigue":[30,193],"loads,":[31],"leading":[32],"degradation":[35],"of":[36,70,91,117,168,172],"integrity.":[38],"Thus,":[39],"it":[40,113],"very":[42],"important":[43],"detect":[45,163],"growth":[49,167],"using":[53,74],"an":[54,141],"automated":[55],"health":[57],"monitoring":[58],"system.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"experimental":[63,185],"research":[64],"on":[65,88,108,145,187],"crack":[66,179],"detection":[67,180],"imaging":[69],"by":[73],"sensing":[75,99,103,119,134,160,174],"skin":[76],"electrical":[78],"resistance":[79],"tomography":[80],"(ERT)":[81],"presented.":[83],"Carbon":[84],"ink":[85],"screen-printed":[87],"surface":[90],"as":[93],"a":[94,188],"conductive":[95,173],"material":[96],"form":[98],"skins.":[100],"With":[101],"these":[102],"skins,":[104,161],"when":[105],"occur":[107],"or":[109],"near":[110],"surface,":[112],"breaks":[114],"continuity":[116],"skins":[120,135,175],"significantly":[122],"reduces":[123],"conductivity":[124,157],"cracking":[126],"areas.":[127],"Then,":[128],"after":[129],"exciting":[130],"small":[131],"currents":[132],"measuring":[137],"related":[138,178],"voltage":[139],"data,":[140],"inverse":[142],"analysis":[143],"based":[144],"total":[146],"variation":[147],"(TV)":[148],"regularization":[149],"adopted":[151],"reconstruct":[153],"tomographic":[154],"images":[155],"showing":[156],"changes":[158],"occurrence":[165],"cracks.":[169],"The":[170],"effectiveness":[171],"our":[177],"method":[181],"validated":[183],"studies":[186],"beam":[190],"subjected":[191],"tests.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
