{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387494972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208355","title":"Enhanced YOLOv5: An Efficient Road Object Detection Method","display_name":"Enhanced YOLOv5: An Efficient Road Object Detection Method","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387494972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208355","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208355","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8355/pdf?version=1696923262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8355/pdf?version=1696923262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046124470","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-6907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168673124","display_name":"Tianjin Chengjian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d0bkz51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100676089","display_name":"Zhan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-675X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168673124","display_name":"Tianjin Chengjian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d0bkz51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648591","display_name":"Hang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168673124","display_name":"Tianjin Chengjian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d0bkz51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100676089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168673124"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.7566,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97274685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"20","first_page":"8355","last_page":"8355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7283203601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7046775817871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6608684062957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6298946738243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4727766513824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44407641887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4440116882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4279520511627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42007118463516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.4128752648830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4120984971523285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.41179099678993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3306256830692291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16704264283180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08834123611450195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7283203601837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7046775817871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6608684062957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6298946738243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4727766513824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44407641887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4440116882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4279520511627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42007118463516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4128752648830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4120984971523285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.41179099678993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3306256830692291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16704264283180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08834123611450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208355","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8355/pdf?version=1696923262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37896450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10611198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10611198","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10611198/pdf/sensors-23-08355.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a508b35cc9b4c37983b5f2ae68dc162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a508b35cc9b4c37983b5f2ae68dc162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 20, p 8355 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23208355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208355","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8355/pdf?version=1696923262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387494972.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2528578439","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2571975379","https://openalex.org/W2738562458","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2798355657","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2894878591","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2963794428","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2990763144","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3118003871","https://openalex.org/W3157144426","https://openalex.org/W3200126418","https://openalex.org/W3210586215","https://openalex.org/W4280497945","https://openalex.org/W4307411363","https://openalex.org/W4309900111","https://openalex.org/W4312183515","https://openalex.org/W4368365607","https://openalex.org/W4377288495","https://openalex.org/W4383819711","https://openalex.org/W4385805808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2941610985","https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W3150439626","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2060887160","https://openalex.org/W2368367751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"identification":[1,64],"of":[2,33,55,65,101,114,214],"road":[3,17,44,69,82,215],"objects":[4,66,113],"is":[5],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,43,81,112],"achieving":[8],"intelligent":[9],"traffic":[10,23],"systems.":[11],"However,":[12],"developing":[13],"efficient":[14],"and":[15,58,103,107,158,174,212],"accurate":[16,63],"object":[18,45,83,198,216],"detection":[19,41,46,110,160,199],"methods":[20],"in":[21,67,197],"complex":[22,68],"scenarios":[24],"has":[25],"always":[26],"been":[27],"a":[28,140,194],"challenging":[29],"task.":[30],"The":[31],"objective":[32],"this":[34],"study":[35],"was":[36],"to":[37,52,131,151],"improve":[38],"the":[39,49,62,77,87,94,99,109,120,127,184,189,202,210],"target":[40],"algorithm":[42,80,192],"by":[47,206],"enhancing":[48],"algorithm's":[50],"capability":[51,111],"fuse":[53],"features":[54],"different":[56,115],"scales":[57],"levels,":[59],"thereby":[60],"improving":[61,209],"scenes.":[70],"We":[71,168],"propose":[72],"an":[73],"improved":[74,190],"method":[75],"called":[76,145],"Enhanced":[78],"YOLOv5":[79,95,129,191],"detection.":[84],"By":[85],"introducing":[86],"Bidirectional":[88],"Feature":[89],"Pyramid":[90],"Network":[91],"(BiFPN)":[92],"into":[93,126],"algorithm,":[96],"we":[97,118,138],"address":[98,153],"challenges":[100],"multi-scale":[102],"multi-level":[104],"feature":[105,134],"fusion":[106],"enhance":[108,132],"sizes.":[116],"Additionally,":[117],"integrate":[119],"Convolutional":[121],"Block":[122],"Attention":[123],"Module":[124],"(CBAM)":[125],"existing":[128],"model":[130],"its":[133],"representation":[135],"capability.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"employ":[139],"new":[141],"non-maximum":[142],"suppression":[143],"technique":[144],"Distance":[146],"Intersection":[147],"Over":[148],"Union":[149],"(DIOU)":[150],"effectively":[152,208],"issues":[154],"such":[155],"as":[156,177],"misjudgment":[157],"duplicate":[159],"when":[161],"significant":[162],"overlap":[163],"occurs":[164],"between":[165],"bounding":[166],"boxes.":[167],"use":[169],"mean":[170],"Average":[171],"Precision":[172,175],"(mAP)":[173],"(P)":[176],"evaluation":[178],"metrics.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"experimental":[181],"results":[182],"on":[183],"BDD100K":[185],"dataset":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"that":[188],"achieves":[193],"1.6%":[195],"increase":[196],"mAP,":[200],"while":[201],"P":[203],"value":[204],"increases":[205],"5.3%,":[207],"accuracy":[211],"robustness":[213],"recognition.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
