{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387265104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","title":"Deep Multi-Branch CNN Architecture for Early Alzheimer\u2019s Detection from Brain MRIs","display_name":"Deep Multi-Branch CNN Architecture for Early Alzheimer\u2019s Detection from Brain MRIs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387265104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8192/pdf?version=1696155165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8192/pdf?version=1696155165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032223221","display_name":"Paul K. Mandal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-0494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul K. Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-0494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000735071","display_name":"Rakeshkumar Mahto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-7614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakeshkumar V. Mahto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-7614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032223221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81548801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"19","first_page":"8192","last_page":"8192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"Dementia","score":0.8346875905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7487552762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5638588070869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5376414656639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4808562397956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4709033966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4593127369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.45816570520401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.37754741311073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3617887496948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.340643048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3367922902107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.17474520206451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08524909615516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06912168860435486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.8346875905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7487552762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5638588070869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5376414656639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4808562397956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4709033966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4593127369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.45816570520401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37754741311073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3617887496948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.340643048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3367922902107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.17474520206451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08524909615516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06912168860435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019636","descriptor_name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019636","descriptor_name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019636","descriptor_name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8192/pdf?version=1696155165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37837027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10574860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10574860","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10574860/pdf/sensors-23-08192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8ef12d8b448a418c9b8338f6fa973ad6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8ef12d8b448a418c9b8338f6fa973ad6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 19, p 8192 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/19/8192/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198192","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8192/pdf?version=1696155165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332670","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387265104.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965462372","https://openalex.org/W1983482668","https://openalex.org/W2017260345","https://openalex.org/W2049863994","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2121282288","https://openalex.org/W2124260444","https://openalex.org/W2883608246","https://openalex.org/W2888979570","https://openalex.org/W2898260903","https://openalex.org/W2900386946","https://openalex.org/W2958768386","https://openalex.org/W2972168296","https://openalex.org/W3012670297","https://openalex.org/W3017890102","https://openalex.org/W3038889727","https://openalex.org/W3091860120","https://openalex.org/W3110796009","https://openalex.org/W3150212014","https://openalex.org/W3157072550","https://openalex.org/W3161335554","https://openalex.org/W3161888671","https://openalex.org/W4220825176","https://openalex.org/W4220887083","https://openalex.org/W4221022447","https://openalex.org/W4281972751","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409059799","https://openalex.org/W1972242255","https://openalex.org/W2966412519","https://openalex.org/W2890927416","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alzheimer's":[0],"disease":[1,6],"(AD)":[2],"is":[3,28,47,121,134],"a":[4,14,96,116,132,141,161],"neurodegenerative":[5],"that":[7,76],"can":[8,129],"cause":[9],"dementia":[10,46],"and":[11,39,94,167],"result":[12],"in":[13,17,32,154,164],"severe":[15],"reduction":[16],"brain":[18],"function,":[19],"inhibiting":[20],"simple":[21],"tasks,":[22],"especially":[23],"if":[24],"no":[25],"preventative":[26],"care":[27,41],"taken.":[29],"Over":[30],"1":[31],"9":[33],"Americans":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36],"AD-induced":[37],"dementia,":[38],"unpaid":[40],"for":[42,59,80],"people":[43],"with":[44,140],"AD-related":[45],"valued":[48],"at":[49],"USD":[50],"271.6":[51],"billion.":[52],"Hence,":[53],"various":[54],"approaches":[55,75],"have":[56],"been":[57],"developed":[58],"early":[60,82,156],"AD":[61],"diagnosis":[62,157],"to":[63,170],"prevent":[64],"its":[65],"further":[66],"progression.":[67],"In":[68,145],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"first":[72],"review":[73],"other":[74],"could":[77],"be":[78],"used":[79],"the":[81,147,155,165,168],"detection":[83],"of":[84,91,104,123,158],"AD.":[85],"We":[86],"then":[87],"give":[88],"an":[89],"overview":[90],"our":[92],"dataset":[93],"propose":[95],"deep":[97,148],"convolutional":[98,112],"neural":[99],"network":[100],"(CNN)":[101],"architecture":[102],"consisting":[103],"7,866,819":[105],"parameters.":[106],"This":[107,127],"model":[108,128,150],"comprises":[109],"three":[110],"different":[111,117,124],"branches,":[113],"each":[114],"having":[115],"length.":[118],"Each":[119],"branch":[120],"comprised":[122],"kernel":[125],"sizes.":[126],"predict":[130],"whether":[131],"patient":[133,172],"non-demented,":[135],"mild-demented,":[136],"or":[137],"moderately":[138],"demented":[139],"99.05%":[142],"three-class":[143],"accuracy.":[144],"summary,":[146],"CNN":[149],"demonstrated":[151],"exceptional":[152],"accuracy":[153],"AD,":[159],"offering":[160],"significant":[162],"advancement":[163],"field":[166],"potential":[169],"improve":[171],"care.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
