{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387140387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","title":"A Markov Chain Model for Determining the Optimal Time to Move Pregnant Cows to Individual Calving Pens","display_name":"A Markov Chain Model for Determining the Optimal Time to Move Pregnant Cows to Individual Calving Pens","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387140387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8141/pdf?version=1695893749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8141/pdf?version=1695893749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067014246","display_name":"Cho Nilar Phyo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574687","display_name":"University of Miyazaki","ror":"https://ror.org/0447kww10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cho Nilar Phyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-3414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023940062","display_name":"Pyke Tin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-2984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574687","display_name":"University of Miyazaki","ror":"https://ror.org/0447kww10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pyke Tin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-2984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058861287","display_name":"Thi Thi Zin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574687","display_name":"University of Miyazaki","ror":"https://ror.org/0447kww10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thi Thi Zin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-2197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058861287"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574687"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59907924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"19","first_page":"8141","last_page":"8141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13691","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12732","display_name":"Agriculture and Farm Safety","score":0.9225999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-calving","display_name":"Ice calving","score":0.911652684211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumination","display_name":"Rumination","score":0.7243592739105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.6493658423423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-science","display_name":"Animal science","score":0.41696590185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3381636142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"Pregnancy","score":0.32027047872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2910904884338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.19509238004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactation","display_name":"Lactation","score":0.1201576292514801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22641795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868757","display_name":"Ice calving","level":4,"score":0.911652684211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411912","display_name":"Rumination","level":3,"score":0.7243592739105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.6493658423423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.41696590185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3381636142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.32027047872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2910904884338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19509238004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.1201576292514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002417","descriptor_name":"Cattle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002417","descriptor_name":"Cattle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002417","descriptor_name":"Cattle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003612","descriptor_name":"Dairying","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003612","descriptor_name":"Dairying","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003612","descriptor_name":"Dairying","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007774","descriptor_name":"Lactation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007774","descriptor_name":"Lactation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007774","descriptor_name":"Lactation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036801","descriptor_name":"Parturition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D036801","descriptor_name":"Parturition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D036801","descriptor_name":"Parturition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8141/pdf?version=1695893749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37836970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10575266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10575266","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10575266/pdf/sensors-23-08141.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d127cf49c17b43418e89de2f184a8ead","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d127cf49c17b43418e89de2f184a8ead","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 19, p 8141 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/19/8141/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8141/pdf?version=1695893749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387140387.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540596182","https://openalex.org/W1968929573","https://openalex.org/W1993542737","https://openalex.org/W1994434773","https://openalex.org/W2030258548","https://openalex.org/W2590665877","https://openalex.org/W2786490121","https://openalex.org/W2923906384","https://openalex.org/W3097976632","https://openalex.org/W3107921145","https://openalex.org/W3127796082","https://openalex.org/W3142384034","https://openalex.org/W3158488357","https://openalex.org/W3158548413","https://openalex.org/W3212645353","https://openalex.org/W4285044455","https://openalex.org/W4366538296","https://openalex.org/W6632267817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066462225","https://openalex.org/W2129373778","https://openalex.org/W2040122612","https://openalex.org/W100675366","https://openalex.org/W2078870994","https://openalex.org/W2005209873","https://openalex.org/W780823428","https://openalex.org/W1977095112","https://openalex.org/W2137309519","https://openalex.org/W2184105728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129,155],"use":[1],"of":[2,51,63,121,163],"individual":[3,90],"calving":[4,35,64,91,153],"pens":[5,92],"in":[6,48,165],"modern":[7],"farming":[8],"is":[9],"widely":[10],"recognized":[11],"as":[12,98,118],"a":[13,30,34,39,72,109,122,145,152,161,166],"good":[14,18],"practice":[15],"for":[16,85,144],"promoting":[17],"animal":[19],"welfare":[20],"during":[21],"parturition.":[22],"However,":[23],"determining":[24],"the":[25,52,61,82,119,133,141],"optimal":[26,83,142],"time":[27,84,105,135,143],"to":[28,33,80,89,148,151],"move":[29],"pregnant":[31,146],"cow":[32,147],"pen":[36],"can":[37],"be":[38,149],"management":[40],"challenge.":[41],"Moving":[42],"cows":[43,88],"too":[44,57],"early":[45],"may":[46,59],"result":[47],"prolonged":[49],"occupancy":[50],"pen,":[53],"while":[54],"moving":[55,86],"them":[56],"late":[58],"increase":[60],"risk":[62],"complications":[65],"and":[66,103,113],"production-related":[67],"diseases.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"simple":[73],"random":[74],"walk":[75],"type":[76],"Markov":[77,123],"Chain":[78,124],"Model":[79],"predict":[81],"periparturient":[87],"was":[93,140,158],"proposed.":[94],"Behavior":[95],"changes":[96,117],"such":[97],"lying":[99],"time,":[100,102],"standing":[101],"rumination":[104],"were":[106],"analyzed":[107],"using":[108],"video":[110],"monitoring":[111],"system,":[112],"we":[114],"formulated":[115],"these":[116],"states":[120],"with":[125,173],"an":[126,137],"absorbing":[127,138],"barrier.":[128],"model":[130],"showed":[131],"that":[132],"first":[134],"entering":[136],"state":[139],"moved":[150],"pen.":[154],"proposed":[156],"method":[157],"validated":[159],"through":[160],"series":[162],"experiments":[164],"real-life":[167],"dairy":[168],"farm,":[169],"showing":[170],"promising":[171],"results":[172],"high":[174],"accuracy.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
