{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387140695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","title":"IDAF: Iterative Dual-Scale Attentional Fusion Network for Automatic Modulation Recognition","display_name":"IDAF: Iterative Dual-Scale Attentional Fusion Network for Automatic Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387140695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8134/pdf?version=1695889181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8134/pdf?version=1695889181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034975885","display_name":"Bohan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1527-6763"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bohan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1527-6763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035517337","display_name":"Ruixing Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-5378"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixing Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101499880","display_name":"Yuxuan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-9688"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100742249","display_name":"Bolin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-1856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bolin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communication, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communication, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068303855","display_name":"Xiaokai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-0901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications and Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications and Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033079404","display_name":"Yanfei Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanfei Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People\u2019s Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Science of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033079404"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.497,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71517706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"19","first_page":"8134","last_page":"8134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9361000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6737071871757507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6056641936302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5669031143188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5287717580795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-method","display_name":"Iterative method","score":0.4544227421283722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.43253475427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4308464527130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.42980679869651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2487148642539978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6737071871757507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6056641936302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5669031143188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5287717580795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.4544227421283722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43253475427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4308464527130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42980679869651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2487148642539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8134/pdf?version=1695889181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37836964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10575420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10575420","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10575420/pdf/sensors-23-08134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59f100e1ae084465ba91cf288408c556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59f100e1ae084465ba91cf288408c556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 19, p 8134 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/19/8134/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23198134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8134/pdf?version=1695889181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387140695.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540985032","https://openalex.org/W1600744878","https://openalex.org/W2028706510","https://openalex.org/W2072550346","https://openalex.org/W2120019163","https://openalex.org/W2125085157","https://openalex.org/W2134457835","https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2153954448","https://openalex.org/W2157473107","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2597584210","https://openalex.org/W2598948018","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2754643364","https://openalex.org/W2792675443","https://openalex.org/W2842423990","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2908054582","https://openalex.org/W2916820451","https://openalex.org/W2917006683","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963809753","https://openalex.org/W2964231884","https://openalex.org/W2981408784","https://openalex.org/W2991393074","https://openalex.org/W3005694839","https://openalex.org/W3032977069","https://openalex.org/W3085631338","https://openalex.org/W3101503122","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W3139996145","https://openalex.org/W3176469059","https://openalex.org/W3193513114","https://openalex.org/W3202901858","https://openalex.org/W4200453049","https://openalex.org/W4214666412","https://openalex.org/W4286255690","https://openalex.org/W4293715816","https://openalex.org/W4313011746","https://openalex.org/W4320018370","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6757415836","https://openalex.org/W6759916721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012531322","https://openalex.org/W2785900585","https://openalex.org/W2353730437","https://openalex.org/W2490303674","https://openalex.org/W2609066826","https://openalex.org/W2810752900","https://openalex.org/W3186538219","https://openalex.org/W2365677836","https://openalex.org/W2531295127","https://openalex.org/W2355063696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2,23],"models":[3],"have":[4,13],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"applied":[7],"to":[8,19,66,141],"modulation":[9],"recognition,":[10],"and":[11,39,83,110,157,167,174],"they":[12],"become":[14],"a":[15,143,149],"hot":[16],"topic":[17],"due":[18],"their":[20],"excellent":[21],"end-to-end":[22],"capabilities.":[24],"However,":[25],"current":[26],"methods":[27],"are":[28,79,91],"mostly":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31,51],"uni-modal":[32],"inputs,":[33],"which":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36],"incomplete":[37],"information":[38],"local":[40,82],"optimization.":[41],"To":[42],"complement":[43],"the":[44,52,88,94,101,105,111,124,130,136,172,177],"advantages":[45],"of":[46,107,114,127,129,138,152,176],"different":[47,75,139],"modalities,":[48],"we":[49,57],"focus":[50],"multi-modal":[53],"fusion":[54,63],"method.":[55],"Therefore,":[56],"introduce":[58],"an":[59],"iterative":[60,95],"dual-scale":[61],"attentional":[62],"(iDAF)":[64],"method":[65],"integrate":[67],"multimodal":[68],"data.":[69],"Firstly,":[70],"two":[71,102],"feature":[72,89],"maps":[73],"with":[74],"receptive":[76],"field":[77],"sizes":[78],"constructed":[80],"using":[81],"global":[84,112],"embedding":[85],"layers.":[86],"Secondly,":[87],"inputs":[90],"iterated":[92],"into":[93],"dual-channel":[96],"attention":[97],"module":[98],"(iDCAM),":[99],"where":[100],"branches":[103],"capture":[104],"details":[106],"high-level":[108],"features":[109],"weights":[113],"each":[115,128],"modal":[116],"channel,":[117],"respectively.":[118],"The":[119,164],"iDAF":[120,147],"not":[121],"only":[122],"extracts":[123],"recognition":[125,150],"characteristics":[126],"specific":[131],"domains,":[132],"but":[133],"also":[134],"complements":[135],"strengths":[137],"modalities":[140],"obtain":[142],"fruitful":[144],"view.":[145],"Our":[146],"achieves":[148],"accuracy":[151],"93.5%":[153],"at":[154,159],"10":[155],"dB":[156],"0.6232":[158],"full":[160],"signal-to-noise":[161],"ratio":[162],"(SNR).":[163],"comparative":[165],"experiments":[166],"ablation":[168],"studies":[169],"effectively":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"superiority":[175],"iDAF.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}