{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386880204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187997","title":"Accurate and Low-Power Ultrasound\u2013Radiofrequency (RF) Indoor Ranging Using MEMS Loudspeaker Arrays","display_name":"Accurate and Low-Power Ultrasound\u2013Radiofrequency (RF) Indoor Ranging Using MEMS Loudspeaker Arrays","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386880204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187997","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37766051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7997/pdf?version=1695213457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7997/pdf?version=1695213457","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082660988","display_name":"Chesney Buyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-3964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chesney Buyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067168072","display_name":"Lieven De Strycker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lieven De Strycker","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016605260","display_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-9628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, WaveCore, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Ghent Technology Campus, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082660988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2662,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54288837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7997","last_page":"7997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9624108076095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loudspeaker","display_name":"Loudspeaker","score":0.8275150060653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.575232207775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.5522593259811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.5284157991409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5237352848052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5110775232315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.4779103696346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4742664098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound-energy","display_name":"Sound energy","score":0.4679231643676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4396766424179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microelectromechanical-systems","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","score":0.41946446895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4128909707069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2389063537120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23443180322647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.185709148645401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9624108076095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157138929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570","display_name":"Loudspeaker","level":2,"score":0.8275150060653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.575232207775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.5522593259811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.5284157991409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5237352848052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5110775232315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.4779103696346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4742664098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126272718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351281","display_name":"Sound energy","level":3,"score":0.4679231643676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4396766424179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37977207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175561","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","level":2,"score":0.41946446895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4128909707069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2389063537120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23443180322647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.185709148645401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203718221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491713","display_name":"Sound (geography)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7997/pdf?version=1695213457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37766051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37766051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/726775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/726775","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/ef3a6b60-1a91-40ef-a00f-7f0117c41e6c","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol. 23 (18), Art.No. ARTN 7997","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10534700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10534700","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10534700/pdf/sensors-23-07997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac315107e0dd4e7190252e700fd30fbd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac315107e0dd4e7190252e700fd30fbd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7997 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7997/pdf?version=1695213457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386880204.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584920463","https://openalex.org/W1968600461","https://openalex.org/W1985101185","https://openalex.org/W1987654941","https://openalex.org/W2052273134","https://openalex.org/W2079797201","https://openalex.org/W2089029067","https://openalex.org/W2098899602","https://openalex.org/W2103246086","https://openalex.org/W2114005528","https://openalex.org/W2147141062","https://openalex.org/W2157077054","https://openalex.org/W2171785275","https://openalex.org/W2286130239","https://openalex.org/W2462425250","https://openalex.org/W2616802817","https://openalex.org/W2754855855","https://openalex.org/W2763188033","https://openalex.org/W2766152640","https://openalex.org/W2903626605","https://openalex.org/W2996481532","https://openalex.org/W3037904635","https://openalex.org/W3041376971","https://openalex.org/W3091635898","https://openalex.org/W3176830388","https://openalex.org/W3188290256","https://openalex.org/W4200621769","https://openalex.org/W4210609451","https://openalex.org/W4210780523","https://openalex.org/W4210786856","https://openalex.org/W4214872937","https://openalex.org/W4220779383","https://openalex.org/W4226187802","https://openalex.org/W4243439813","https://openalex.org/W4248981723","https://openalex.org/W4285152237","https://openalex.org/W4293340536","https://openalex.org/W4303981306","https://openalex.org/W4384202727","https://openalex.org/W6990182213","https://openalex.org/W7071863102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W2117412087","https://openalex.org/W2721448648","https://openalex.org/W2053297473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"positioning":[1],"energy-constrained":[2],"devices":[3],"in":[4,29,49,60,127],"indoor":[5,50],"environments":[6],"is":[7],"of":[8,82,106,149,186],"great":[9],"interest":[10],"to":[11,24,47,68,91,111,137,163,176,183],"many":[12],"professional,":[13],"care,":[14],"and":[15,140,153,180],"personal":[16],"applications.":[17],"Hybrid":[18],"RF-acoustic":[19],"ranging":[20,95,104,125,147,155],"systems":[21,62],"have":[22],"shown":[23],"be":[25],"a":[26,64,83,112,132,145,164,167],"viable":[27],"technology":[28],"this":[30,107],"regard,":[31],"enabling":[32],"accurate":[33],"distance":[34],"measurements":[35],"at":[36],"ultra-low":[37],"energy":[38],"costs.":[39],"However,":[40],"they":[41],"often":[42],"suffer":[43],"from":[44],"self-interference":[45],"due":[46],"multipaths":[48],"environments.":[51],"We":[52],"replace":[53],"the":[54,70,74,80,93,103,123,178],"typical":[55,128],"single":[56],"loudspeaker":[57,66],"beacons":[58],"used":[59],"these":[61,143],"with":[63,135],"phased":[65,172],"array":[67,87,173],"promote":[69],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[71],"ratio":[72],"towards":[73],"tracked":[75],"device.":[76],"Specifically,":[77],"we":[78,101],"optimize":[79],"design":[81],"low-cost":[84],"uniform":[85],"planar":[86],"(UPA)":[88],"through":[89],"simulation":[90],"achieve":[92],"best":[94],"performance":[96,105],"using":[97],"ultrasonic":[98],"chirps.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"compare":[102],"optimized":[108],"UPA":[109],"configuration":[110],"traditional,":[113],"single-loudspeaker":[114],"system.":[115],"Simulations":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"vertical":[119,171],"phased-array":[120],"configurations":[121],"guarantee":[122],"lowest":[124],"errors":[126],"shoe-box":[129],"environments,":[130],"having":[131],"limited":[133],"height":[134],"respect":[136],"their":[138],"length":[139],"width.":[141],"In":[142],"cases,":[144],"P50":[146],"error":[148,156],"around":[150],"3":[151],"cm":[152,159],"P95":[154,181],"below":[157],"30":[158],"were":[160],"achieved.":[161],"Compared":[162],"single-speaker":[165],"system,":[166],"10":[168],"\u00d7":[169],"2":[170],"was":[174],"able":[175],"lower":[177],"P80":[179],"up":[182],"an":[184],"order":[185],"magnitude.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
