{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386838008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187941","title":"Detecting Cyber Attacks In-Vehicle Diagnostics Using an Intelligent Multistage Framework","display_name":"Detecting Cyber Attacks In-Vehicle Diagnostics Using an Intelligent Multistage Framework","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386838008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187941","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187941","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7941/pdf?version=1694861013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7941/pdf?version=1694861013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035330478","display_name":"Tasneem A. Awaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasneem A. Awaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","Siemens EDA, Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens EDA, Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056943013","display_name":"M. Watheq El\u2010Kharashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Watheq El-Kharashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036641211","display_name":"Mohamed Taher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-4018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Taher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022348226","display_name":"A. Tawfik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Tawfik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman 2758, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman 2758, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056943013"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978","https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8698,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79167511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7941","last_page":"7941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6721929907798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.6717202067375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6331287622451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6258432865142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5803474187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abnormality","display_name":"Abnormality","score":0.43301093578338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4180450439453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38368165493011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3360086679458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3217063546180725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6721929907798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.6717202067375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6331287622451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6258432865142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5803474187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50965678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724302","display_name":"Abnormality","level":2,"score":0.43301093578338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4180450439453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38368165493011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3360086679458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3217063546180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187941","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7941/pdf?version=1694861013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37765997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10535859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10535859","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10535859/pdf/sensors-23-07941.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f71b897b7b3043d7860e495cf0f3cbb2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f71b897b7b3043d7860e495cf0f3cbb2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7941 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uvic.ca:1828/15518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1828/15518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401509","display_name":"UVic\u2019s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","host_organization_name":"University of Victoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187941","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7941/pdf?version=1694861013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330328","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386838008.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618536196","https://openalex.org/W1881619864","https://openalex.org/W2070268576","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2410959295","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2561208905","https://openalex.org/W2591133720","https://openalex.org/W2602431082","https://openalex.org/W2606851531","https://openalex.org/W2737518800","https://openalex.org/W2765350715","https://openalex.org/W2831491754","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2899319440","https://openalex.org/W2917834340","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2964262308","https://openalex.org/W3087876563","https://openalex.org/W3090391777","https://openalex.org/W3105105644","https://openalex.org/W3127247820","https://openalex.org/W3216141275","https://openalex.org/W3216903837","https://openalex.org/W4206309573","https://openalex.org/W4220775946","https://openalex.org/W4221034053","https://openalex.org/W4292347966","https://openalex.org/W4293193358","https://openalex.org/W4301423640","https://openalex.org/W4319925029","https://openalex.org/W4380681078","https://openalex.org/W6640462745","https://openalex.org/W6758429628","https://openalex.org/W6809862621","https://openalex.org/W6963307189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393267898","https://openalex.org/W2938728536","https://openalex.org/W4205383432","https://openalex.org/W2369874171","https://openalex.org/W2383301100","https://openalex.org/W2619636815","https://openalex.org/W2392864074","https://openalex.org/W2352639800","https://openalex.org/W3004832009","https://openalex.org/W2104118252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,11,108,142],"advanced":[1],"technology":[2],"of":[3,14,28,64,75,86,98,147,156,163,171,180,187,193],"vehicles":[4,23],"makes":[5],"them":[6],"vulnerable":[7],"to":[8,17,21,41,70,88],"external":[9],"exploitation.":[10],"current":[12],"trend":[13],"research":[15],"is":[16,38,111,124],"impose":[18],"security":[19],"measures":[20],"protect":[22],"from":[24],"different":[25],"aspects.":[26],"One":[27],"the":[29,39,57,62,71,114,145,148],"main":[30],"problems":[31],"that":[32,134],"counter":[33],"Intrusion":[34],"Detection":[35],"Systems":[36],"(IDSs)":[37],"necessity":[40],"have":[42,135],"a":[43,83,158,166,182],"low":[44,159,183],"false":[45,160,184],"acceptance":[46,161,185],"rate":[47,162,169,186,192],"(FA)":[48],"with":[49,153],"high":[50,154],"detection":[51,168,191],"accuracy":[52,155,179],"without":[53],"major":[54],"changes":[55],"in":[56,91,139],"vehicle":[58,92],"network":[59],"infrastructure.":[60],"Furthermore,":[61],"location":[63],"IDSs":[65],"can":[66],"be":[67],"controversial":[68],"due":[69],"limitations":[72],"and":[73,100,117,130,150,165,177,189],"concerns":[74],"Electronic":[76],"Control":[77],"Units":[78],"(ECUs).":[79],"Thus,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"novel":[84],"framework":[85,110,149],"multistage":[87],"detect":[89],"abnormality":[90],"diagnostic":[93],"data":[94],"based":[95],"on":[96],"specifications":[97],"diagnostics":[99],"stacking":[101],"ensemble":[102],"for":[103,173,195],"various":[104],"machine":[105],"learning":[106],"models.":[107],"proposed":[109],"verified":[112],"against":[113,126],"KIA":[115,196],"SOUL":[116],"Seat":[118,174],"Leon":[119,175],"2018":[120],"datasets.":[121],"Our":[122],"IDS":[123],"evaluated":[125],"point":[127],"anomaly":[128,132],"attacks":[129,133],"period":[131],"not":[136],"been":[137],"used":[138],"its":[140,151],"training.":[141],"results":[143],"show":[144],"superiority":[146],"robustness":[152],"99.21%,":[157],"0.003%,":[164],"good":[167,190],"(DR)":[170],"99.63%":[172],"2018,":[176],"an":[178],"99.22%,":[181],"0.005%,":[188],"98.59%":[194],"SOUL.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
