{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386629227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187832","title":"Characterization of the iPhone LiDAR-Based Sensing System for Vibration Measurement and Modal Analysis","display_name":"Characterization of the iPhone LiDAR-Based Sensing System for Vibration Measurement and Modal Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386629227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187832","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7832/pdf?version=1694522083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7832/pdf?version=1694522083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023565272","display_name":"Gledson Rodrigo Tondo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gledson Rodrigo Tondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Modelling and Simulation of Structures, Bauhaus University Weimar, Marienstr. 13, 99423 Weimar, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Modelling and Simulation of Structures, Bauhaus University Weimar, Marienstr. 13, 99423 Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035418049","display_name":"Charles Riley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7993-437X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129871486","display_name":"Oregon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c36x865","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129871486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Riley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129871486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103055576","display_name":"Guido Morgenthal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-8677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Morgenthal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Modelling and Simulation of Structures, Bauhaus University Weimar, Marienstr. 13, 99423 Weimar, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Modelling and Simulation of Structures, Bauhaus University Weimar, Marienstr. 13, 99423 Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023565272","https://openalex.org/A5035418049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129871486","https://openalex.org/I51441396"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":14.4864,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98966408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7832","last_page":"7832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8248287439346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.5829014778137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5320889353752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5252346992492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5128231644630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5086751580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.48947131633758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.48812875151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.47803860902786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal-analysis","display_name":"Modal analysis","score":0.47476768493652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4708622992038727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.31607896089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3020704984664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13701188564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13522404432296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1275249421596527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.09632819890975952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8248287439346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.5829014778137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5320889353752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5252346992492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5128231644630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5086751580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48947131633758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.48812875151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.47803860902786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104286136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416137","display_name":"Modal analysis","level":3,"score":0.47476768493652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4708622992038727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31607896089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3020704984664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13701188564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13522404432296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1275249421596527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.09632819890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7832/pdf?version=1694522083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37765888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10537187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10537187","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10537187/pdf/sensors-23-07832.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7225f86fce4c4ed8a003d493c33d080a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7225f86fce4c4ed8a003d493c33d080a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7832 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7832/pdf?version=1694522083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386629227.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327696037","https://openalex.org/W1550742363","https://openalex.org/W1977220071","https://openalex.org/W1987113291","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2007003920","https://openalex.org/W2007030286","https://openalex.org/W2074395065","https://openalex.org/W2079766529","https://openalex.org/W2099881886","https://openalex.org/W2113551198","https://openalex.org/W2258703375","https://openalex.org/W2320191980","https://openalex.org/W2625826929","https://openalex.org/W2754725244","https://openalex.org/W2775475912","https://openalex.org/W2810204073","https://openalex.org/W2888375042","https://openalex.org/W2900066955","https://openalex.org/W2911081702","https://openalex.org/W3015235064","https://openalex.org/W3040394229","https://openalex.org/W3045040561","https://openalex.org/W3102557549","https://openalex.org/W3112216677","https://openalex.org/W3128518090","https://openalex.org/W3148956159","https://openalex.org/W3173112500","https://openalex.org/W3196431259","https://openalex.org/W3196995267","https://openalex.org/W3209855744","https://openalex.org/W3211863805","https://openalex.org/W4207048914","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4212928489","https://openalex.org/W4249517230","https://openalex.org/W4281624455","https://openalex.org/W4281676975","https://openalex.org/W4283159488","https://openalex.org/W4285172878","https://openalex.org/W4293222113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W2486104965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Portable":[0],"depth":[1,111,133],"sensing":[2,25,252],"using":[3],"time-of-flight":[4],"LiDAR":[5,24,110,214],"principles":[6],"is":[7,87,115,137,253,271],"available":[8],"on":[9],"iPhone":[10],"13":[11],"Pro":[12],"and":[13,44,54,56,73,91,128,172,193,202,246],"similar":[14],"Apple":[15],"mobile":[16,213],"devices.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"sought":[20],"to":[21,31,40,61,100,140,187,204,267],"characterize":[22],"the":[23,42,47,57,82,101,106,109,120,132,174,188,232],"system":[26],"for":[27,125,159,240],"measuring":[28],"full-field":[29],"vibrations":[30],"support":[32],"modal":[33,161,222],"analysis.":[34],"A":[35],"vibrating":[36],"target":[37],"was":[38,79],"employed":[39],"identify":[41],"limits":[43],"quality":[45],"of":[46,51,105,122,164,183,231],"sensor":[48,124],"in":[49,154,185,221,226,242,257],"terms":[50],"noise,":[52],"frequency,":[53],"range,":[55],"results":[58],"were":[59,76,148,177,200],"compared":[60,203],"a":[62,155,165,218],"laser":[63,189],"displacement":[64,190],"transducer.":[65],"In":[66],"addition,":[67],"properties":[68],"such":[69,255],"as":[70,256],"phone-to-target":[71,84],"distance":[72,85],"lighting":[74],"conditions":[75],"investigated.":[77],"It":[78],"determined":[80],"that":[81,212],"optimal":[83],"range":[86],"between":[88],"0.30":[89],"m":[90],"2.00":[92],"m.":[93],"Despite":[94,169],"an":[95,180,205],"indicated":[96],"sampling":[97,113],"frequency":[98],"equal":[99],"60":[102],"Hz":[103,142],"framerate":[104],"RGB":[107],"camera,":[108],"map":[112,134],"rate":[114],"actually":[116],"15":[117,141],"Hz,":[118],"limiting":[119],"utility":[121],"this":[123],"vibration":[126,251],"measurement":[127],"presenting":[129],"challenges":[130],"if":[131,224],"time":[135],"series":[136],"not":[138],"downsampled":[139],"before":[143],"further":[144],"processing.":[145],"Depth":[146],"maps":[147],"processed":[149],"with":[150,179,228],"Stochastic":[151],"Subspace":[152],"Identification":[153],"Monte":[156],"Carlo":[157],"manner":[158],"stochastic":[160],"parameter":[162],"identification":[163,223],"flexible":[166,258],"steel":[167],"cantilever.":[168],"significant":[170,238],"noise":[171],"distortion,":[173],"natural":[175],"frequencies":[176],"identified":[178],"average":[181],"difference":[182],"1.9%":[184],"comparison":[186],"transducer":[191],"data,":[192],"high-resolution":[194],"mode":[195],"shapes":[196],"including":[197],"uncertainty":[198],"ranges":[199],"obtained":[201],"analytical":[206],"solution":[207],"counterpart.":[208],"Our":[209],"findings":[210],"indicate":[211],"measurements":[215],"can":[216],"be":[217],"powerful":[219],"tool":[220],"used":[225],"combination":[227],"prior":[229],"knowledge":[230],"structural":[233,243],"system.":[234],"The":[235],"technology":[236],"has":[237],"potential":[239],"applications":[241],"health":[244],"monitoring":[245],"diagnostics,":[247],"particularly":[248],"where":[249,265],"non-contact":[250],"useful,":[254],"scaled":[259],"laboratory":[260],"models":[261],"or":[262],"field":[263],"scenarios":[264],"access":[266],"place":[268],"physical":[269],"sensors":[270],"challenging.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}