{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386629237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187827","title":"Research on Deep Reinforcement Learning Control Algorithm for Active Suspension Considering Uncertain Time Delay","display_name":"Research on Deep Reinforcement Learning Control Algorithm for Active Suspension Considering Uncertain Time Delay","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386629237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187827","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187827","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7827/pdf?version=1694512134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7827/pdf?version=1694512134","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020472689","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6713-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602039","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-3237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052186065","display_name":"Shijie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-6749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101506381","display_name":"Konghui Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-9667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konghui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020472689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":2.9826,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9130644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7827","last_page":"7827"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10690","display_name":"Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10690","display_name":"Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10925","display_name":"Spinal Cord Injury Research","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6998254656791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6889537572860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-suspension","display_name":"Active suspension","score":0.6814395189285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.6705421209335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.6162165999412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5916739106178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspension","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","score":0.5551078915596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4456541836261749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.43491828441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2807965874671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11426517367362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11236539483070374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6998254656791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6889537572860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778293426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173613","display_name":"Active suspension","level":3,"score":0.6814395189285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.6705421209335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.6162165999412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5916739106178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105341887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307987","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","level":3,"score":0.5551078915596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4456541836261749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.43491828441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2807965874671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11426517367362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11236539483070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5961521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746083","display_name":"Homotopy","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187827","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7827/pdf?version=1694512134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37765884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10538169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10538169","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10538169/pdf/sensors-23-07827.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9646b1f141f4ab6a98b4dfd281cc1ca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9646b1f141f4ab6a98b4dfd281cc1ca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7827 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187827","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7827/pdf?version=1694512134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G408918931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3206602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5296633202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M720433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8332196651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M720433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386629237.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386629237.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632104753","https://openalex.org/W1987756300","https://openalex.org/W1994172560","https://openalex.org/W2009315449","https://openalex.org/W2034682809","https://openalex.org/W2071502543","https://openalex.org/W2087772052","https://openalex.org/W2088804152","https://openalex.org/W2089260565","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2309806808","https://openalex.org/W2343286188","https://openalex.org/W2405267597","https://openalex.org/W2578588547","https://openalex.org/W2602429550","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2897039614","https://openalex.org/W2956192832","https://openalex.org/W2999620551","https://openalex.org/W3040425704","https://openalex.org/W3099804692","https://openalex.org/W3111646183","https://openalex.org/W3154264273","https://openalex.org/W3173815685","https://openalex.org/W3183873024","https://openalex.org/W4200530483","https://openalex.org/W4205652411","https://openalex.org/W4214947639","https://openalex.org/W4220806187","https://openalex.org/W4220809526","https://openalex.org/W4221110418","https://openalex.org/W4224138906","https://openalex.org/W4226279171","https://openalex.org/W4241817698","https://openalex.org/W4283640595","https://openalex.org/W4294691809","https://openalex.org/W4296437947","https://openalex.org/W4309758191","https://openalex.org/W4312870243","https://openalex.org/W4313203547","https://openalex.org/W4316034913","https://openalex.org/W4319600774","https://openalex.org/W4323022401","https://openalex.org/W4324145437","https://openalex.org/W4353070825","https://openalex.org/W4360869669","https://openalex.org/W4364359532","https://openalex.org/W4364376196","https://openalex.org/W4377690630","https://openalex.org/W4379662133","https://openalex.org/W4380303634","https://openalex.org/W4381930654","https://openalex.org/W4382249254","https://openalex.org/W4382936524","https://openalex.org/W4383106270","https://openalex.org/W4388653349","https://openalex.org/W6705170450","https://openalex.org/W6849754968","https://openalex.org/W6853965637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2293497519","https://openalex.org/W4391042302","https://openalex.org/W2386867276","https://openalex.org/W2379980535","https://openalex.org/W2389604225"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,123],"uncertain":[1,34,64,121],"delay":[2,35,79],"characteristic":[3],"of":[4,15,63,94,145],"actuators":[5],"is":[6,22,80,149],"a":[7,26,46,69,171],"critical":[8],"factor":[9],"that":[10,29,58,127],"affects":[11],"the":[12,16,61,84,91,95,100,113,128,143,156,164,182,192],"control":[13,27,41,50,86,114,133],"effectiveness":[14],"active":[17,48,96],"suspension":[18,49,97],"system.":[19],"Therefore,":[20],"it":[21],"crucial":[23],"to":[24,38,82,111,140],"develop":[25],"algorithm":[28,51,76,130,158],"takes":[30],"into":[31],"account":[32],"this":[33,67],"in":[36,163,176],"order":[37],"ensure":[39],"stable":[40],"performance.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"presents":[45],"novel":[47],"based":[52],"on":[53],"deep":[54,71],"reinforcement":[55],"learning":[56],"(DRL)":[57],"specifically":[59],"addresses":[60],"issue":[62],"delay.":[65,101,122],"In":[66],"approach,":[68],"twin-delayed":[70],"deterministic":[72,116],"policy":[73,87],"gradient":[74],"(TD3)":[75],"with":[77],"system":[78],"employed":[81],"obtain":[83],"optimal":[85],"by":[88,151],"iteratively":[89],"solving":[90],"dynamic":[92],"model":[93],"system,":[98],"considering":[99],"Furthermore,":[102],"three":[103],"different":[104,189],"operating":[105,137,185],"conditions":[106,186],"were":[107],"designed":[108],"for":[109,195],"simulation":[110],"evaluate":[112],"performance:":[115],"delay,":[117,119],"semi-regular":[118],"and":[120,155,187],"experimental":[124],"results":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"proposed":[129,157],"achieves":[131],"excellent":[132],"performance":[134],"under":[135,181],"various":[136],"conditions.":[138],"Compared":[139],"passive":[141],"suspension,":[142],"optimization":[144,179],"body":[146,161],"vertical":[147],"acceleration":[148],"improved":[150],"more":[152,172],"than":[153,173],"30%,":[154],"effectively":[159],"mitigates":[160],"vibration":[162],"low":[165],"frequency":[166],"range.":[167],"It":[168],"consistently":[169],"maintains":[170],"30%":[174],"improvement":[175],"ride":[177],"comfort":[178],"even":[180],"most":[183],"severe":[184],"at":[188],"speeds,":[190],"demonstrating":[191],"algorithm's":[193],"potential":[194],"practical":[196],"application.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
