{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386498345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","title":"Comparative Study of Leak Detection in PVC Water Pipes Using Ceramic, Polymer, and Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors","display_name":"Comparative Study of Leak Detection in PVC Water Pipes Using Ceramic, Polymer, and Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386498345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7717/pdf?version=1694060808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7717/pdf?version=1694060808","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082661044","display_name":"Najah Hamamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0678-1393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153832","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universit\u00e9 du Mans","ror":"https://ror.org/001aevc89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4210149659","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["FR","TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Najah Hamamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia","Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078786773","display_name":"Charfeddine Mechri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153832","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universit\u00e9 du Mans","ror":"https://ror.org/001aevc89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4210149659","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charfeddine Mechri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036039782","display_name":"Taoufik Mhammedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-6707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153832","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universit\u00e9 du Mans","ror":"https://ror.org/001aevc89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4210149659","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taoufik Mhammedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047256585","display_name":"Nourdin Yaakoubi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7535-0572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153832","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universit\u00e9 du Mans","ror":"https://ror.org/001aevc89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4210149659","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nourdin Yaakoubi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030948161","display_name":"Rachid El Guerjouma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-8013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153832","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universit\u00e9 du Mans","ror":"https://ror.org/001aevc89","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4210149659","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108471","display_name":"Le Mans Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01mtcc283","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid El Guerjouma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR CNRS 6613, 72085 Le Mans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103094596","display_name":"Slim Bouaziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4953-898X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slim Bouaziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038807719","display_name":"Mohamed Haddar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-0579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Haddar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9canique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Production (LA2MP), Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, LR13ES25, Sfax 1173-3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047256585","https://openalex.org/A5082661044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I142899784","https://openalex.org/I4210108471","https://openalex.org/I4387153832"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2721,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2934},"fwci":1.0872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74365469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7717","last_page":"7717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak","display_name":"Leak","score":0.7423403263092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.7210936546325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-zirconate-titanate","display_name":"Lead zirconate titanate","score":0.6006736159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak-detection","display_name":"Leak detection","score":0.5799239277839661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5669490098953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyvinylidene-fluoride","display_name":"Polyvinylidene fluoride","score":0.4886189103126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.45916470885276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-acoustic-wave","display_name":"Surface acoustic wave","score":0.45780205726623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.45408231019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.42516979575157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transducer","display_name":"Transducer","score":0.4173693358898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41030648350715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2396318018436432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23149576783180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.17468193173408508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.16554856300354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer","display_name":"Polymer","score":0.14459967613220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.0847349762916565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.7423403263092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.7210936546325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781128178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q883484","display_name":"Lead zirconate titanate","level":4,"score":0.6006736159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987355568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420957","display_name":"Leak detection","level":3,"score":0.5799239277839661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5669490098953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776254723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146393","display_name":"Polyvinylidene fluoride","level":3,"score":0.4886189103126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.45916470885276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162954803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424074","display_name":"Surface acoustic wave","level":2,"score":0.45780205726623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45408231019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.42516979575157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.4173693358898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41030648350715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2396318018436432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23149576783180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.17468193173408508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.16554856300354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.14459967613220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0847349762916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79090758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045739","display_name":"Ferroelectricity","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7717/pdf?version=1694060808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37765774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10537180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10537180","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10537180/pdf/sensors-23-07717.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ac3916d8ba54aef83ef4e001e5cebea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ac3916d8ba54aef83ef4e001e5cebea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7717 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/18/7717/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187717","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7717/pdf?version=1694060808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386498345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386498345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W645201925","https://openalex.org/W1998939847","https://openalex.org/W2007320556","https://openalex.org/W2009004370","https://openalex.org/W2010610373","https://openalex.org/W2019078931","https://openalex.org/W2074766835","https://openalex.org/W2079713865","https://openalex.org/W2084575378","https://openalex.org/W2093585559","https://openalex.org/W2137901437","https://openalex.org/W2162290466","https://openalex.org/W2169725023","https://openalex.org/W2524076002","https://openalex.org/W2562141045","https://openalex.org/W2605861167","https://openalex.org/W2605881415","https://openalex.org/W2614435574","https://openalex.org/W2745606177","https://openalex.org/W2754939110","https://openalex.org/W2756050521","https://openalex.org/W2757285286","https://openalex.org/W2791987383","https://openalex.org/W2797447402","https://openalex.org/W2859982247","https://openalex.org/W2897111782","https://openalex.org/W2902145121","https://openalex.org/W2990103772","https://openalex.org/W3003062365","https://openalex.org/W3005825457","https://openalex.org/W3033642069","https://openalex.org/W3126767251","https://openalex.org/W3135923127","https://openalex.org/W4206920321","https://openalex.org/W4240898969","https://openalex.org/W4289334225","https://openalex.org/W4296006226","https://openalex.org/W4313148047","https://openalex.org/W6649999026","https://openalex.org/W6653317252","https://openalex.org/W6749966905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252713698","https://openalex.org/W2365924436","https://openalex.org/W3003062365","https://openalex.org/W1998553844","https://openalex.org/W1997119929","https://openalex.org/W3008628552","https://openalex.org/W2106750376","https://openalex.org/W2085260338","https://openalex.org/W1551586863","https://openalex.org/W4386498345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125,222,347],"detection":[1,105,371],"and":[2,87,182,195,217,276,312,329,366],"location":[3],"of":[4,48,61,75,90,121,128,154,157,161,193,209,349,364,372],"pipeline":[5],"leakage":[6],"can":[7],"be":[8],"deduced":[9],"from":[10,219],"the":[11,22,38,46,59,71,84,118,155,191,220,234,256,260,269,278,292,306,314,322,333,358,362,370],"time":[12,39],"arrival":[13],"leak":[14,94,104,122,199,213,344],"signals":[15],"measured":[16],"by":[17,268,305],"acoustic":[18,97,162,184,355],"sensors":[19,92,134,163,197,205,356],"placed":[20,232],"at":[21],"pipe.":[23],"Ongoing":[24],"research":[25,130],"in":[26,58,93,106,113,169,198,233,243,375],"this":[27,129,147,350],"field":[28],"is":[29],"primarily":[30],"focused":[31],"on":[32,65,132],"refining":[33],"techniques":[34],"for":[35,103,165,285,369],"accurately":[36],"estimating":[37],"delays.":[40],"This":[41,325],"enhancement":[42],"predominantly":[43],"revolves":[44],"around":[45],"application":[47],"advanced":[49],"signal":[50],"processing":[51],"methods.":[52],"Additionally,":[53],"researchers":[54],"are":[55,110],"actively":[56],"immersed":[57],"utilization":[60],"machine":[62],"learning":[63],"approaches":[64],"vibro-acoustic":[66],"data":[67],"files,":[68],"to":[69,82,117,203,239,296,335,341,360],"determine":[70],"presence":[72],"or":[73],"absence":[74],"leaks.":[76],"Less":[77],"attention":[78],"has":[79],"been":[80,100],"given":[81],"evaluating":[83],"sensitivity,":[85],"performance,":[86],"overall":[88],"effectiveness":[89],"these":[91],"detection;":[95],"although":[96],"methods":[98],"have":[99,332],"successfully":[101],"used":[102],"metallic":[107],"pipes,":[108],"they":[109,230],"less":[111],"effective":[112],"plastic":[114,170,244,376],"pipes":[115,245],"due":[116],"high":[119,143],"attenuation":[120],"noise":[123,345],"signals.":[124],"primary":[126],"thrust":[127],"centers":[131],"identifying":[133],"that":[135,225,327],"not":[136],"only":[137],"possess":[138],"sensitivity":[139,262,299],"but":[140],"also":[141],"exhibit":[142],"efficiency.":[144],"To":[145],"accomplish":[146],"goal,":[148],"we":[149],"conducted":[150],"an":[151],"exhaustive":[152],"evaluation":[153,189],"performance":[156,192],"three":[158,227,354],"distinct":[159],"categories":[160],"employed":[164],"detecting":[166],"water":[167,241,373],"leaks":[168,242,251,287,374],"pipes:":[171],"specifically,":[172],"lead":[173],"zirconate":[174],"titanate":[175],"(PZT)":[176],"sensors,":[177,181,228,331],"polyvinylidene":[178],"fluoride":[179],"(PVDF)":[180],"surface":[183],"wave":[185],"(SAW)":[186],"sensors.":[187],"Our":[188],"encompassed":[190],"PVDF":[194,257,293,330],"SAW":[196,270,307,328],"detection,":[200],"comparing":[201],"them":[202],"PZT":[204,279,315,323],"under":[206],"a":[207],"variety":[208],"conditions,":[210],"including":[211],"different":[212,247],"sizes,":[214],"flow":[215],"rates,":[216],"distances":[218],"leak.":[221],"results":[223],"showed":[224,259],"all":[226],"when":[229],"were":[231,237],"same":[235],"position,":[236],"able":[238],"detect":[240],"with":[246],"sensitivities.":[248],"For":[249],"small":[250],"(1":[252],"mm,":[253,289],"2":[254],"mm),":[255,291],"sensor":[258,271,294,308,316],"greatest":[261],"(0.4":[263],"dB/L/h,":[264,273,281,301,310,318],"0.33":[265],"dB/L/h),":[266,275,303,320],"followed":[267,304],"(0.16":[272],"0.14":[274],"finally":[277,313],"(0.13":[280,309],"0.12":[282],"dB/L/h).":[283],"Similarly,":[284],"larger":[286],"(4":[288],"10":[290],"continued":[295],"show":[297],"superior":[298],"(0.2":[300],"0.17":[302],"0.11),":[311],"(0.12":[317],"0.1":[319],"outperforming":[321],"sensor.":[324],"suggests":[326],"potential":[334,359],"serve":[336],"as":[337],"valuable,":[338],"cost-effective":[339],"alternatives":[340],"traditional":[342],"commercial":[343],"transducers.":[346],"outcomes":[348],"comparative":[351],"study":[352],"involving":[353],"hold":[357],"advance":[361],"development":[363],"robust":[365],"dependable":[367],"systems":[368],"pipelines.":[377]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}