{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386443850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","title":"A Study on the Effect of Temperature Variations on FPGA-Based Multi-Channel Time-to-Digital Converters","display_name":"A Study on the Effect of Temperature Variations on FPGA-Based Multi-Channel Time-to-Digital Converters","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386443850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7672/pdf?version=1693913663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7672/pdf?version=1693913663","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092539614","display_name":"Awwad H. Alshehry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0867-7791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awwad H. Alshehry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0867-7791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092539613","display_name":"Saleh M. Alshahry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2577-2834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh M. Alshahry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2577-2834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027982872","display_name":"Abdullah K. Alhazmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2781-7037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah K. Alhazmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2781-7037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015128341","display_name":"Vamsy P. Chodavarapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-2964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vamsy P. Chodavarapu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-2964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015128341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5865,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60962306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"7672","last_page":"7672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7973524332046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.6300576329231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.49480026960372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.49117204546928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4643476605415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.45301583409309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4486147463321686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4414646625518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34379470348358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2874022424221039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2807452082633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.24601930379867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12674769759178162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7973524332046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.6300576329231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.49480026960372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49117204546928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4643476605415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.45301583409309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4486147463321686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4414646625518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34379470348358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2874022424221039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2807452082633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.24601930379867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12674769759178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7672/pdf?version=1693913663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37765729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37765729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10536187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10536187","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536187/pdf/sensors-23-07672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44b4d9bfb8db42b7bd5187adc6c9fb2b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44b4d9bfb8db42b7bd5187adc6c9fb2b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 18, p 7672 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/18/7672/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23187672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187672","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/18/7672/pdf?version=1693913663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386443850.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654799228","https://openalex.org/W1968650434","https://openalex.org/W1973142441","https://openalex.org/W2005049981","https://openalex.org/W2018553702","https://openalex.org/W2056070208","https://openalex.org/W2056848692","https://openalex.org/W2057168533","https://openalex.org/W2059944403","https://openalex.org/W2071450958","https://openalex.org/W2076509405","https://openalex.org/W2081046694","https://openalex.org/W2099427041","https://openalex.org/W2126008551","https://openalex.org/W2147196983","https://openalex.org/W2148786558","https://openalex.org/W2163805454","https://openalex.org/W2173501456","https://openalex.org/W2219472191","https://openalex.org/W2605672202","https://openalex.org/W2609578273","https://openalex.org/W2616781184","https://openalex.org/W2766626786","https://openalex.org/W2790518946","https://openalex.org/W2810643164","https://openalex.org/W2920372390","https://openalex.org/W2969290707","https://openalex.org/W2970259285","https://openalex.org/W2989827998","https://openalex.org/W3015278335","https://openalex.org/W3026810542","https://openalex.org/W3100839468","https://openalex.org/W3122843519","https://openalex.org/W3127651554","https://openalex.org/W3149854024","https://openalex.org/W3172691965","https://openalex.org/W3188052567","https://openalex.org/W3205475959","https://openalex.org/W4210281063","https://openalex.org/W4220858631","https://openalex.org/W4385245306","https://openalex.org/W6736476120","https://openalex.org/W6801554452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2888890600","https://openalex.org/W4313855734","https://openalex.org/W1840000623","https://openalex.org/W3214957943","https://openalex.org/W2009340098","https://openalex.org/W3022819153","https://openalex.org/W2772716429","https://openalex.org/W2009135230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,176],"describe":[1],"a":[2,103,122,130],"study":[3,19],"on":[4,10,26],"the":[5,20,27,43,90,94,97,126,136,173,180,191],"effect":[6],"of":[7,22,29,45,82,96,125,148,157,167,195],"temperature":[8,181],"variations":[9,25],"multi-channel":[11],"time-to-digital":[12],"converters":[13],"(TDCs).":[14],"The":[15,73],"objective":[16],"is":[17],"to":[18,89,109,116,178],"impact":[21],"ambient":[23,111],"thermal":[24,83,101,105],"performance":[28,95,128],"field-programmable":[30],"gate":[31],"array":[32],"(FPGA)-based":[33],"tapped":[34],"delay":[35],"line":[36],"(TDL)":[37],"TDC":[38],"systems":[39],"while":[40,164],"simultaneously":[41],"meeting":[42],"requirements":[44],"high-precision":[46],"time":[47],"measurement,":[48],"low-cost":[49],"implementation,":[50],"small":[51],"size,":[52],"and":[53,65,70,85,138,150,193],"low":[54],"power":[55,86,156,168],"consumption.":[56],"For":[57],"our":[58],"study,":[59],"we":[60,141],"chose":[61],"two":[62],"devices,":[63,140,186],"Artix-7":[64,137],"ProASIC3L,":[66],"manufactured":[67],"by":[68],"Xilinx":[69],"Microsemi,":[71],"respectively.":[72,153],"radiation-tolerant":[74],"ProASIC3L":[75,139,174],"device":[76],"offers":[77],"better":[78],"stability":[79],"in":[80,190],"terms":[81],"sensitivity":[84,182],"consumption":[87,169],"compared":[88],"Artix-7.":[91],"To":[92],"assess":[93],"TDCs":[98,197],"under":[99],"varying":[100],"conditions,":[102],"laboratory":[104],"chamber":[106],"was":[107,160,170],"utilized":[108],"maintain":[110],"temperatures":[112],"ranging":[113],"from":[114],"-75":[115],"80":[117],"\u00b0C.":[118],"This":[119],"analysis":[120],"ensured":[121],"comprehensive":[123],"evaluation":[124],"TDCs'":[127],"across":[129],"wide":[131],"operational":[132],"range.":[133],"By":[134],"utilizing":[135],"achieved":[142,161,171],"root":[143],"mean":[144],"square":[145],"(RMS)":[146],"resolution":[147],"24.7":[149],"554.59":[151],"picoseconds,":[152],"Total":[154],"on-chip":[155],"0.968":[158],"W":[159],"using":[162,172],"Artix-7,":[163],"1.997":[165],"mW":[166],"device.":[175],"worked":[177],"determine":[179],"for":[183,198],"both":[184],"FPGA":[185],"which":[187],"could":[188],"help":[189],"design":[192],"optimization":[194],"FPGA-based":[196],"many":[199],"applications.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
