{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386420415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","title":"Multiscale Feature-Learning with a Unified Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Multiscale Feature-Learning with a Unified Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386420415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37688086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7628/pdf?version=1693790862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7628/pdf?version=1693790862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075648117","display_name":"Tahir Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9038-3722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahir Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9038-3722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696425","display_name":"Junping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-114X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042119018","display_name":"Inam Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Inam Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-569X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091859381","display_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035125196","display_name":"Osama Alfarraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-8617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Alfarraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-8617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027906269","display_name":"Amr Gafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2101-6460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Gafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menofia University, Shebin Elkom 6131567, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Menofia University, Shebin Elkom 6131567, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042119018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88174286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"17","first_page":"7628","last_page":"7628"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7220937609672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.71803879737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6316362619400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6198702454566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5987510085105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5913739204406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5858705043792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5668824911117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5163080096244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.47732171416282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4147437512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3271833658218384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7220937609672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.71803879737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6316362619400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6198702454566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5987510085105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5913739204406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5858705043792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5668824911117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5163080096244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.47732171416282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4147437512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3271833658218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7628/pdf?version=1693790862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37688086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37688086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10490724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10490724","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10490724/pdf/sensors-23-07628.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f1d0cbb59a64d7ea1a3a6f04e8ae3ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f1d0cbb59a64d7ea1a3a6f04e8ae3ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 17, p 7628 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/17/7628/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177628","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7628/pdf?version=1693790862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1281578682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSP2023R102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386420415.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1950365613","https://openalex.org/W1979286683","https://openalex.org/W2004104348","https://openalex.org/W2008847349","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2159070926","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2345128667","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2546696642","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2802852942","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2811355488","https://openalex.org/W2882394250","https://openalex.org/W2891513880","https://openalex.org/W2912371366","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2921445432","https://openalex.org/W2937638900","https://openalex.org/W2954870938","https://openalex.org/W2985929670","https://openalex.org/W2989871747","https://openalex.org/W2992919850","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3097590716","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3103750833","https://openalex.org/W3105005050","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3120948300","https://openalex.org/W3128776197","https://openalex.org/W3130039502","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3158309168","https://openalex.org/W3196669126","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4205612852","https://openalex.org/W4213448676","https://openalex.org/W4226410245","https://openalex.org/W4297094428","https://openalex.org/W4309729315","https://openalex.org/W4312678416","https://openalex.org/W4312743284","https://openalex.org/W4313576888","https://openalex.org/W4315650631","https://openalex.org/W4320339642","https://openalex.org/W4321372786","https://openalex.org/W4367011797","https://openalex.org/W6751942191","https://openalex.org/W6843698283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287995534","https://openalex.org/W2998168123","https://openalex.org/W2772780115","https://openalex.org/W4299822940","https://openalex.org/W2279398222","https://openalex.org/W3173596272","https://openalex.org/W4281924768","https://openalex.org/W3156786002","https://openalex.org/W2592385986","https://openalex.org/W2546942002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7,19,33,42,48,122,144,153,171],"realm":[2],"of":[3,9,21,35,44,79,124,163],"hyperspectral":[4,69],"image":[5,70],"classification,":[6,71],"pursuit":[8],"heightened":[10],"accuracy":[11],"and":[12,54,119,128,142,166,174],"comprehensive":[13,117],"feature":[14,63,81,106],"extraction":[15],"has":[16],"led":[17],"to":[18,60,158],"formulation":[20],"an":[22],"advance":[23],"architectural":[24],"paradigm.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"proposed":[28,150],"a":[29,36,65],"model":[30,151],"encapsulated":[31],"within":[32],"framework":[34],"unified":[37],"model,":[38],"which":[39],"synergistically":[40],"leverages":[41],"capabilities":[43],"three":[45],"distinct":[46],"branches:":[47],"swin":[49,84],"transformer,":[50,85],"convolutional":[51,101],"neural":[52,102],"network,":[53],"encoder-decoder.":[55],"The":[56,83,113],"main":[57],"objective":[58],"was":[59],"facilitate":[61],"multiscale":[62,80,126],"learning,":[64],"pivotal":[66],"facet":[67],"in":[68,76,90],"with":[72,146],"each":[73],"branch":[74,115],"specializing":[75],"unique":[77],"facets":[78],"extraction.":[82],"recognized":[86],"for":[87],"its":[88],"competence":[89],"distilling":[91],"long-range":[92],"dependencies,":[93],"captures":[94],"structural":[95],"features":[96],"across":[97],"different":[98],"scales;":[99],"simultaneously,":[100],"networks":[103],"undertake":[104],"localized":[105],"extraction,":[107],"engendering":[108],"nuanced":[109],"spatial":[110,129],"information":[111],"preservation.":[112],"encoder-decoder":[114],"undertakes":[116],"analysis":[118],"reconstruction,":[120],"fostering":[121],"assimilation":[123],"both":[125],"spectral":[127],"intricacies.":[130],"To":[131],"evaluate":[132],"our":[133],"approach,":[134],"we":[135],"conducted":[136],"experiments":[137],"on":[138,170],"publicly":[139],"available":[140],"datasets":[141],"compared":[143,157],"results":[145],"state-of-the-art":[147],"methods.":[148],"Our":[149],"obtains":[152],"best":[154],"classification":[155],"result":[156],"others.":[159],"Specifically,":[160],"overall":[161],"accuracies":[162],"96.87%,":[164],"98.48%,":[165],"98.62%":[167],"were":[168],"obtained":[169],"Xuzhou,":[172],"Salinas,":[173],"LK":[175],"datasets.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
