{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386098707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","title":"Modeling Signal-to-Noise Ratio of CMOS Image Sensors with a Stochastic Approach under Non-Stationary Conditions","display_name":"Modeling Signal-to-Noise Ratio of CMOS Image Sensors with a Stochastic Approach under Non-Stationary Conditions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386098707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37687800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7344/pdf?version=1692782938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7344/pdf?version=1692782938","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012673966","display_name":"Gil Cherniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-762X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gil Cherniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-762X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073895720","display_name":"Jonathan Nemirovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-4174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Nemirovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035331206","display_name":"Amikam Nemirovsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153753","display_name":"Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee","ror":"https://ror.org/05402ng93","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153753"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amikam Nemirovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tzemah 1513200, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tzemah 1513200, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087985744","display_name":"Y. Nemirovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0274-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yael Nemirovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087985744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3593,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85459239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"17","first_page":"7344","last_page":"7344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7979600429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6400788426399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5841759443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.5741676688194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5709028840065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-resonance","display_name":"Stochastic resonance","score":0.5018236637115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5011096000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47237446904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4431685507297516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42586031556129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23111492395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22392597794532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15782395005226135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7979600429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6400788426399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5841759443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.5741676688194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5709028840065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207658827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999781","display_name":"Stochastic resonance","level":4,"score":0.5018236637115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5011096000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47237446904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4431685507297516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42586031556129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23111492395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22392597794532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15782395005226135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7344/pdf?version=1692782938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37687800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37687800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10490096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10490096","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10490096/pdf/sensors-23-07344.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9570f3b7943a47bdb3e8aa5a8c5f64b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9570f3b7943a47bdb3e8aa5a8c5f64b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 17, p 7344 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/17/7344/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 17; Pages: 7344","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23177344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177344","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7344/pdf?version=1692782938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386098707.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531386124","https://openalex.org/W1965908318","https://openalex.org/W1991754200","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2038643807","https://openalex.org/W2079528473","https://openalex.org/W2113969406","https://openalex.org/W2249377311","https://openalex.org/W2532200142","https://openalex.org/W2757655203","https://openalex.org/W3111026344","https://openalex.org/W3175777878","https://openalex.org/W4303982367","https://openalex.org/W6728572027","https://openalex.org/W6920923746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022123780","https://openalex.org/W2349576212","https://openalex.org/W4384282188","https://openalex.org/W2069998638","https://openalex.org/W1981776476","https://openalex.org/W2352535872","https://openalex.org/W2086318669","https://openalex.org/W2382967348","https://openalex.org/W2107073676","https://openalex.org/W4255753471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"stochastic":[1,32,46],"model":[2],"for":[3],"characterizing":[4],"the":[5,31,66],"conversion":[6,78],"gain":[7,79],"of":[8,65],"Active":[9],"Pixel":[10],"Complementary":[11],"metal-oxide-semiconductor":[12],"(CMOS)":[13],"image":[14],"sensors":[15],"(APS),":[16],"assuming":[17],"stationary":[18,84],"conditions":[19,38],"was":[20],"recently":[21],"presented":[22],"in":[23,40],"this":[24,27],"journal.":[25],"In":[26],"study,":[28],"we":[29],"extend":[30],"approach":[33],"to":[34],"non-stationary":[35],"conditions.":[36,85],"Non-stationary":[37],"occur":[39],"gated":[41,61],"imaging":[42],"applications.":[43],"This":[44],"new":[45,58],"model,":[47],"which":[48],"is":[49,72],"based":[50],"on":[51],"fundamental":[52],"physical":[53],"considerations,":[54],"enlightens":[55],"us":[56],"with":[57],"insights":[59],"into":[60],"CMOS":[62],"imaging,":[63],"regardless":[64],"sensor.":[67],"The":[68,77],"Signal-to-Noise":[69],"Ratio":[70],"(SNR)":[71],"simulated,":[73],"allowing":[74],"optimized":[75],"performance.":[76],"should":[80],"be":[81],"determined":[82],"under":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}