{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385955122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Various Machine Learning Algorithms to Improve the Accuracy of HbA1c Estimation Using Wrist PPG Data","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of Various Machine Learning Algorithms to Improve the Accuracy of HbA1c Estimation Using Wrist PPG Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385955122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7231/pdf?version=1692276153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7231/pdf?version=1692276153","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066195651","display_name":"Shama Satter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-4286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shama Satter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-4286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086152499","display_name":"Tae-Ho Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Ho Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025430220","display_name":"Ki\u2010Doo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-3844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Doo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-3844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025430220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75135709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"16","first_page":"7231","last_page":"7231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7611182928085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7267351150512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6786880493164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6411869525909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6334000825881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5958375334739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.59162437915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5902372598648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wrist","display_name":"Wrist","score":0.44169557094573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4384625554084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycated-hemoglobin","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","score":0.42201071977615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3883429765701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.1452251374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14325237274169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13617387413978577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7611182928085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7267351150512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6786880493164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6411869525909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6334000825881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5958375334739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.59162437915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5902372598648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778216619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185706","display_name":"Wrist","level":2,"score":0.44169557094573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4384625554084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.42201071977615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3883429765701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.1452251374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14325237274169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13617387413978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7231/pdf?version=1692276153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37631768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10460024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10460024","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10460024/pdf/sensors-23-07231.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c479feb48a5452f94e89bb5337a0829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c479feb48a5452f94e89bb5337a0829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 16, p 7231 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/16/7231/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 16; Pages: 7231","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7231/pdf?version=1692276153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3130002185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C2010298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7714322173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A5A7000765","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319780","display_name":"Korea Industrial Technology Association","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385955122.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1965528163","https://openalex.org/W1986495510","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2113331084","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2470838351","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2972869264","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W3005735348","https://openalex.org/W3043363778","https://openalex.org/W3081125651","https://openalex.org/W3099855885","https://openalex.org/W3158885265","https://openalex.org/W3162074258","https://openalex.org/W3183462307","https://openalex.org/W3199119410","https://openalex.org/W4200109619","https://openalex.org/W4210540536","https://openalex.org/W4211118483","https://openalex.org/W4223908324","https://openalex.org/W4239176810","https://openalex.org/W4312198046","https://openalex.org/W4313581981","https://openalex.org/W6674385629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,33,51,98,118],"the":[2,8,67,100,105,119,125,135,178,193,208],"inconvenience":[3],"of":[4,10,75,137,195,210],"drawing":[5],"blood":[6],"and":[7,78,94,128,186,212],"possibility":[9],"infection":[11],"associated":[12],"with":[13,30],"invasive":[14],"methods,":[15],"research":[16],"on":[17,58],"non-invasive":[18,42],"glycated":[19],"hemoglobin":[20],"(HbA1c)":[21],"measurement":[22],"methods":[23],"is":[24],"increasing.":[25],"Utilizing":[26],"wrist":[27],"photoplethysmography":[28],"(PPG)":[29],"machine":[31,59,89],"learning":[32,60],"estimate":[34,99],"HbA1c":[35,43,54,101,166,197],"can":[36,145,174],"be":[37,175],"a":[38,53,71,129,161,171,201],"promising":[39],"method":[40],"for":[41,108,180,216],"monitoring":[44,214],"in":[45,116,164],"diabetic":[46,217],"patients.":[47,218],"This":[48],"study":[49],"aims":[50],"develop":[52],"estimation":[55,167,198],"system":[56],"based":[57,73],"algorithms":[61,79],"using":[62],"PPG":[63,72,126],"signals":[64],"obtained":[65,176],"from":[66,124],"wrist.":[68],"We":[69,140,152],"used":[70],"dataset":[74],"22":[76],"subjects":[77],"such":[80,183],"as":[81,114,184],"extreme":[82],"gradient":[83,87],"boosting":[84,88],"(XGBoost),":[85],"light":[86],"(LightGBM),":[90],"Categorical":[91],"Boost":[92],"(CatBoost)":[93],"random":[95],"forest":[96],"(RF)":[97],"values.":[102],"Note":[103],"that":[104,142,155],"AC-to-DC":[106,156],"ratios":[107],"three":[109],"wavelengths":[110],"were":[111],"newly":[112],"adopted":[113],"features":[115,123,159,182],"addition":[117],"previously":[120],"acquired":[121],"15":[122],"signal":[127],"comparative":[130],"analysis":[131],"was":[132],"performed":[133],"between":[134],"performances":[136],"several":[138],"algorithms.":[139],"showed":[141,154],"feature-importance-based":[143],"selection":[144],"improve":[146],"performance":[147,168,173],"while":[148],"reducing":[149],"computational":[150],"complexity.":[151],"also":[153],"ratio":[157],"(AC/DC)":[158],"play":[160],"dominant":[162],"role":[163],"improving":[165],"and,":[169],"furthermore,":[170],"good":[172],"without":[177],"need":[179],"external":[181],"BMI":[185],"SpO2.":[187],"These":[188],"findings":[189],"may":[190],"help":[191],"shape":[192],"future":[194],"wrist-based":[196],"(e.g.,":[199],"via":[200],"wristwatch":[202],"or":[203],"wristband),":[204],"which":[205],"could":[206],"increase":[207],"scope":[209],"noninvasive":[211],"effective":[213],"techniques":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
