{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385796221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","title":"The Use of Triaxial Accelerometers and Machine Learning Algorithms for Behavioural Identification in Domestic Cats (Felis catus): A Validation Study","display_name":"The Use of Triaxial Accelerometers and Machine Learning Algorithms for Behavioural Identification in Domestic Cats (Felis catus): A Validation Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385796221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7165/pdf?version=1692009432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7165/pdf?version=1692009432","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084099983","display_name":"Michelle Smit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-5125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Smit","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-5125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018407995","display_name":"Seer J. Ikurior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9869-368X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seer J. Ikurior","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034766115","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 A. Corner-Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-2653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rene A. Corner-Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-2653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008441154","display_name":"Christopher J. Andrews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-1835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-1835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089755479","display_name":"I. Draganova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-4012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ina Draganova","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-4012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079461207","display_name":"David G. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-9351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David G. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-9351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084099983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.9821,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95578997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"16","first_page":"7165","last_page":"7165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11214","display_name":"Human-Animal Interaction Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11214","display_name":"Human-Animal Interaction Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.9357740879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6233875751495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6025702953338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5715718269348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4172441363334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32861214876174927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.9357740879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6233875751495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6025702953338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5715718269348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4172441363334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32861214876174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002415","descriptor_name":"Cats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002415","descriptor_name":"Cats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002415","descriptor_name":"Cats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7165/pdf?version=1692009432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37631701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10458840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10458840","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458840/pdf/sensors-23-07165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0523afdf63f74560a30de2678620be1f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0523afdf63f74560a30de2678620be1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 16, p 7165 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/16/7165/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 16; Pages: 7165","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23167165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/16/7165/pdf?version=1692009432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385796221.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975579143","https://openalex.org/W2041722623","https://openalex.org/W2054255259","https://openalex.org/W2076439464","https://openalex.org/W2086199715","https://openalex.org/W2107687774","https://openalex.org/W2116900702","https://openalex.org/W2120553757","https://openalex.org/W2136375252","https://openalex.org/W2137671819","https://openalex.org/W2305408943","https://openalex.org/W2346578806","https://openalex.org/W2753961259","https://openalex.org/W2802127160","https://openalex.org/W2897496500","https://openalex.org/W2901072521","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W2944134131","https://openalex.org/W2949029836","https://openalex.org/W2995180237","https://openalex.org/W3123815654","https://openalex.org/W3177583375","https://openalex.org/W3202896169","https://openalex.org/W4210292411","https://openalex.org/W4245176872","https://openalex.org/W4289779278","https://openalex.org/W4394219870","https://openalex.org/W6698393974","https://openalex.org/W6769764061","https://openalex.org/W6869151726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Animal":[0],"behaviour":[1,11],"can":[2,183],"be":[3],"an":[4],"indicator":[5],"of":[6,22,137],"health":[7],"and":[8,17,40,46,63,77,91,110,141,154,164],"welfare.":[9],"Monitoring":[10],"through":[12],"visual":[13],"observation":[14],"is":[15,19],"labour-intensive":[16],"there":[18],"a":[20,38,123],"risk":[21],"missing":[23],"infrequent":[24],"behaviours.":[25,134,187],"Twelve":[26],"healthy":[27],"domestic":[28],"shorthair":[29],"cats":[30,131],"were":[31,49,57,71,85,106,119],"fitted":[32],"with":[33,79,159],"triaxial":[34,181],"accelerometers":[35,182],"mounted":[36],"on":[37,114,122],"collar":[39],"harness.":[41],"Over":[42],"seven":[43],"days,":[44],"accelerometer":[45,61,82,125],"video":[47,75],"footage":[48],"collected":[50],"simultaneously.":[51],"Identifier":[52],"variables":[53],"(n":[54],"=":[55],"32)":[56],"calculated":[58,140],"from":[59,73,127],"the":[60,74,80,128,147,160,167],"data":[62],"summarized":[64],"into":[65],"1":[66],"s":[67],"epochs.":[68],"Twenty-four":[69],"behaviours":[70,112,138,171],"annotated":[72],"recordings":[76],"aligned":[78],"summarised":[81],"data.":[83],"Models":[84],"created":[86],"using":[87,143],"random":[88],"forest":[89],"(RF)":[90],"supervised":[92],"self-organizing":[93],"map":[94],"(SOM)":[95],"machine":[96],"learning":[97],"techniques":[98],"for":[99],"each":[100],"mounting":[101,175],"location.":[102],"Multiple":[103],"modelling":[104],"rounds":[105],"run":[107],"to":[108,132],"select":[109],"merge":[111],"based":[113],"performance":[115],"values.":[116],"All":[117],"models":[118,149,162,169],"then":[120],"tested":[121],"validation":[124],"dataset":[126],"same":[129],"twelve":[130],"identify":[133,184],"The":[135],"frequency":[136],"was":[139],"compared":[142,158],"Dirichlet":[144],"regression.":[145],"Despite":[146],"SOM":[148],"having":[150],"higher":[151],"Kappa":[152],"(>95%)":[153,157],"overall":[155],"accuracy":[156],"RF":[161,168],"(64-76%":[163],"70-86%,":[165],"respectively),":[166],"predicted":[170],"more":[172],"consistently":[173],"between":[174],"locations.":[176],"These":[177],"results":[178],"indicate":[179],"that":[180],"cat":[185],"specific":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
