{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385543867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","title":"A Methodology to Model the Rain and Fog Effect on the Performance of Automotive LiDAR Sensors","display_name":"A Methodology to Model the Rain and Fog Effect on the Performance of Automotive LiDAR Sensors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385543867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6891/pdf?version=1691136173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6891/pdf?version=1691136173","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043432795","display_name":"Arsalan Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arsalan Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059976628","display_name":"Marcell Pigniczki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcell Pigniczki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071583682","display_name":"Shotaro Koyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8048-8518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182069643","display_name":"Kanagawa Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007gj5v75","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shotaro Koyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086468239","display_name":"Michael H. K\u00f6hler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1095-7474"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael H. K\u00f6hler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blickfeld GmbH, Barthstrasse 12, 80339 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blickfeld GmbH, Barthstrasse 12, 80339 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058601246","display_name":"Lukas Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5545-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5545-6126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075408267","display_name":"Maximilian C. Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4269-4157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Fink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009527240","display_name":"Michael Schardt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blickfeld GmbH, Barthstrasse 12, 80339 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blickfeld GmbH, Barthstrasse 12, 80339 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111019382","display_name":"Koji Nagase","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182069643","display_name":"Kanagawa Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007gj5v75","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koji Nagase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038453288","display_name":"Thomas Zeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9432-8192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Zeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028365375","display_name":"Abd\u00fclkadir Ery\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-7108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131793","display_name":"Infineon Technologies (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/03msng824","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137594350","https://openalex.org/I4210131793"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulkadir Eryildirim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infineon Technologies Austria AG, 4040 Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-7108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infineon Technologies Austria AG, 4040 Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072934082","display_name":"Tim Poguntke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Poguntke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110663353","display_name":"Hideo Inoue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182069643","display_name":"Kanagawa Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007gj5v75","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideo Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182069643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006055932","display_name":"Martin Jakobi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-6118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Jakobi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072750068","display_name":"Alexander W. Koch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander W. Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043432795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.7378,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94544117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"15","first_page":"6891","last_page":"6891"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.9151479601860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6614952683448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.6121484637260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.604695737361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5283939242362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.5242477059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4743703305721283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.46184414625167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45317959785461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4423217177391052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37408125400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1624997854232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1572086215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.13242891430854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1235034167766571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1156880259513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.1045156717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08915147185325623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9151479601860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6614952683448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.6121484637260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.604695737361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5283939242362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.5242477059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4743703305721283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.46184414625167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45317959785461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4423217177391052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37408125400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1624997854232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1572086215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.13242891430854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1235034167766571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1156880259513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.1045156717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08915147185325623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6891/pdf?version=1691136173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37571674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10422612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10422612","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10422612/pdf/sensors-23-06891.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1b8ea67755c46699b94899967f7df06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1b8ea67755c46699b94899967f7df06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 15, p 6891 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/15/6891/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 15; Pages: 6891","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1718219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1718219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6891/pdf?version=1691136173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4653756681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16ME0170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385543867.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949565884","https://openalex.org/W1980981697","https://openalex.org/W1983330672","https://openalex.org/W2039663526","https://openalex.org/W2039845302","https://openalex.org/W2052549932","https://openalex.org/W2085857887","https://openalex.org/W2094658656","https://openalex.org/W2095595785","https://openalex.org/W2154222573","https://openalex.org/W2173031829","https://openalex.org/W2173061887","https://openalex.org/W2519876701","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2768789481","https://openalex.org/W2792163463","https://openalex.org/W2903805790","https://openalex.org/W2908808036","https://openalex.org/W2932166282","https://openalex.org/W2971525678","https://openalex.org/W2994997884","https://openalex.org/W3009963300","https://openalex.org/W3011777629","https://openalex.org/W3026732503","https://openalex.org/W3130569205","https://openalex.org/W3187263517","https://openalex.org/W4226019911","https://openalex.org/W4238177157","https://openalex.org/W4294237946","https://openalex.org/W4303981270","https://openalex.org/W4324133806","https://openalex.org/W7011786734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,89],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3],"introduce":[4],"a":[5],"novel":[6],"approach":[7],"to":[8,72,109,129],"model":[9],"the":[10,16,25,36,39,45,49,54,74,91,104,117,131,138,146,154,162,170,177,189],"rain":[11,40,85,110,147,174],"and":[12,19,41,59,79,86,99,111,133,141,148,156,165,172,181],"fog":[13,42,87,112,149,192],"effect":[14,43],"on":[15,53,116,137,161],"light":[17],"detection":[18,92,96],"ranging":[20],"(LiDAR)":[21],"sensor":[22,107,184],"performance":[23,185],"for":[24,35,57,63,145],"simulation-based":[26],"testing":[27],"of":[28,38,48,103,153,191],"LiDAR":[29,76,106,183],"systems.":[30],"The":[31,66,121,151,179],"proposed":[32],"methodology":[33],"allows":[34],"simulation":[37,132,155],"using":[44],"rigorous":[46],"applications":[47],"Mie":[50],"scattering":[51],"theory":[52],"time":[55,67,139,163],"domain":[56,68,140,164],"transient":[58],"point":[60,118,142,166],"cloud":[61,119,143,167],"levels":[62,144,168],"spatial":[64],"analyses.":[65],"analysis":[69],"permits":[70],"us":[71],"benchmark":[73],"virtual":[75,105,182],"signal":[77],"attenuation":[78],"signal-to-noise":[80],"ratio":[81],"(SNR)":[82],"caused":[83],"by":[84],"droplets.":[88,150],"addition,":[90],"rate":[93,97],"(DR),":[94],"false":[95],"(FDR),":[98],"distance":[100],"error":[101,125],"derror":[102],"due":[108],"droplets":[113,193],"are":[114,176],"evaluated":[115],"level.":[120],"mean":[122],"absolute":[123],"percentage":[124],"(MAPE)":[126],"is":[127],"used":[128],"quantify":[130],"real":[134,157,173,180],"measurement":[135],"results":[136,152],"measurements":[158],"match":[159],"well":[160],"if":[169],"simulated":[171],"distributions":[175],"same.":[178],"degrades":[186],"more":[187],"under":[188],"influence":[190],"than":[194],"in":[195],"rain.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
