{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385543919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","title":"Linguistic Explanations of Black Box Deep Learning Detectors on Simulated Aerial Drone Imagery","display_name":"Linguistic Explanations of Black Box Deep Learning Detectors on Simulated Aerial Drone Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385543919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074167868","display_name":"Brendan Alvey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Alvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076164452","display_name":"Derek T. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018303984","display_name":"James M. Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016008074","display_name":"Andrew R. Buck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-3269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Buck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-3269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074167868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85795195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"15","first_page":"6879","last_page":"6879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.8394584655761719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7324533462524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6909143924713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6874619722366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6731950044631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.557243287563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.5040256381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4593923091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4440130889415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4343973398208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.43372052907943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.41569268703460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.41287896037101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3523597717285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.18020740151405334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.8394584655761719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7324533462524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6909143924713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6874619722366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6731950044631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.557243287563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.5040256381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4593923091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4440130889415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4343973398208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.43372052907943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.41569268703460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.41287896037101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3523597717285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.18020740151405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37571666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10422417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10422417","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10422417/pdf/sensors-23-06879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6bb42de0b7c4e5d9f9884da193cd30e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6bb42de0b7c4e5d9f9884da193cd30e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 15, p 6879 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/15/6879/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 15; Pages: 6879","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564528207","https://openalex.org/W1997475321","https://openalex.org/W2028191869","https://openalex.org/W2063619275","https://openalex.org/W2109863804","https://openalex.org/W2125910575","https://openalex.org/W2145114078","https://openalex.org/W2174992946","https://openalex.org/W2295349874","https://openalex.org/W2345227396","https://openalex.org/W2519758866","https://openalex.org/W2611255063","https://openalex.org/W2611606123","https://openalex.org/W2799748868","https://openalex.org/W2901834363","https://openalex.org/W2953922191","https://openalex.org/W2963231598","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2968116426","https://openalex.org/W3097660860","https://openalex.org/W3109978116","https://openalex.org/W3129576130","https://openalex.org/W3135759888","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W4206916336","https://openalex.org/W4281675414","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4379410101","https://openalex.org/W4380738662","https://openalex.org/W4385485053","https://openalex.org/W6601146891","https://openalex.org/W6697160728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W3097389899","https://openalex.org/W2342958307","https://openalex.org/W4283327355","https://openalex.org/W2801293118","https://openalex.org/W4385488868","https://openalex.org/W4224244454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,74,106,162],"has":[2],"become":[3],"increasingly":[4],"common":[5],"in":[6,158],"aerial":[7,102],"imagery":[8,111],"analysis.":[9],"As":[10],"its":[11,25],"use":[12],"continues":[13],"to":[14,33,83],"grow,":[15],"it":[16],"is":[17,32,147],"crucial":[18],"that":[19],"we":[20,59],"understand":[21],"and":[22,66,79,128,156,160],"can":[23,46],"explain":[24],"behavior.":[26],"One":[27],"eXplainable":[28],"AI":[29],"(XAI)":[30],"approach":[31,63,77,132],"generate":[34],"linguistic":[35,68,138],"summarizations":[36],"of":[37,44,52,70,94,130,152],"data":[38,53,159],"and/or":[39],"models.":[40,75,163],"However,":[41],"the":[42,50,92],"number":[43,51],"summaries":[45,139],"increase":[47],"significantly":[48],"with":[49,119],"attributes,":[54],"posing":[55],"a":[56,61,99,115],"challenge.":[57],"Herein,":[58],"proposed":[60],"hierarchical":[62],"for":[64,91,140],"generating":[65],"evaluating":[67],"statements":[69,81],"black":[71],"box":[72],"deep":[73,105,161],"Our":[76],"scores":[78],"ranks":[80],"according":[82],"user-specified":[84],"criteria.":[85],"A":[86,104],"systematic":[87],"process":[88,146],"was":[89,112,133],"outlined":[90],"evaluation":[93],"an":[95,148],"object":[96],"detector":[97],"on":[98,109,114],"low":[100],"altitude":[101],"drone.":[103],"model":[107],"trained":[108],"real":[110],"evaluated":[113],"photorealistic":[116],"simulated":[117],"dataset":[118],"known":[120],"ground":[121],"truth":[122],"across":[123],"different":[124,141],"contexts.":[125],"The":[126],"effectiveness":[127],"versatility":[129],"our":[131],"demonstrated":[134],"by":[135],"showing":[136],"tailored":[137],"user":[142],"types.":[143],"Ultimately,":[144],"this":[145],"efficient":[149],"human-centric":[150],"way":[151],"identifying":[153],"successes,":[154],"shortcomings,":[155],"biases":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
