{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385361985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Image Classification Using Hybrid Deep Learning and Ant Colony Optimization","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Image Classification Using Hybrid Deep Learning and Ant Colony Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385361985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6706/pdf?version=1690467906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6706/pdf?version=1690467906","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101518388","display_name":"Awais Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5919-1538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5919-1538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012743968","display_name":"Kuntha Pin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuntha Pin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091317561","display_name":"Ahsan Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-9719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101649595","display_name":"Jung Woo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-8693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63562232","display_name":"Bucheon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03w9szr81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63562232"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jung Woo Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63562232","https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056024500","display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056024500","https://openalex.org/A5101649595"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011","https://openalex.org/I63562232"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":15.3995,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99418013,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"15","first_page":"6706","last_page":"6706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8025213479995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.7697429656982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7475941777229309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.594641387462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5268011689186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5227694511413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.4201587736606598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony-optimization-algorithms","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","score":0.4145335555076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39807939529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.16700655221939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1645999550819397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8025213479995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7697429656982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475941777229309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.594641387462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5268011689186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5227694511413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.4201587736606598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.4145335555076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39807939529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.16700655221939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1645999550819397}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008269","descriptor_name":"Macular Edema","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008269","descriptor_name":"Macular Edema","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008269","descriptor_name":"Macular Edema","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6706/pdf?version=1690467906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37571490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10422382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10422382","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10422382/pdf/sensors-23-06706.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a53f11f86ace471a874b58a28072adad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a53f11f86ace471a874b58a28072adad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 15, p 6706 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/15/6706/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 15; Pages: 6706","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23156706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/15/6706/pdf?version=1690467906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1268859323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A2C1010362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385361985.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385361985.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972642682","https://openalex.org/W1978478291","https://openalex.org/W2059812155","https://openalex.org/W2121801148","https://openalex.org/W2398476265","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2570893893","https://openalex.org/W2574964908","https://openalex.org/W2773475231","https://openalex.org/W2777186991","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2790301353","https://openalex.org/W2806796234","https://openalex.org/W2896202701","https://openalex.org/W2907620831","https://openalex.org/W2910179937","https://openalex.org/W2912650418","https://openalex.org/W2964317695","https://openalex.org/W2984413259","https://openalex.org/W2997662364","https://openalex.org/W3031144482","https://openalex.org/W3073352144","https://openalex.org/W3082720575","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3120409733","https://openalex.org/W3134825748","https://openalex.org/W3155537385","https://openalex.org/W3157766833","https://openalex.org/W3203290016","https://openalex.org/W3204459144","https://openalex.org/W3209703091","https://openalex.org/W4210621335","https://openalex.org/W4210929577","https://openalex.org/W4245138335","https://openalex.org/W4282979507","https://openalex.org/W4296218651","https://openalex.org/W4315573211","https://openalex.org/W4317396187","https://openalex.org/W4323038853","https://openalex.org/W4379231818","https://openalex.org/W4380047487","https://openalex.org/W6678244339","https://openalex.org/W6801752924","https://openalex.org/W6802940673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2182624400","https://openalex.org/W2348498086","https://openalex.org/W3093461874","https://openalex.org/W2365800168","https://openalex.org/W2767428579","https://openalex.org/W1992807692","https://openalex.org/W1000914229","https://openalex.org/W1014602304","https://openalex.org/W1033756233","https://openalex.org/W4308993413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"coherence":[1],"tomography":[2],"(OCT)":[3],"is":[4,19,193],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,21,51,116,152],"detect":[8,52],"and":[9,23,70,94,110,136,156,202],"classify":[10],"retinal":[11,54,72,84,88,170],"diseases.":[12],"However,":[13],"OCT-image-based":[14],"manual":[15],"detection":[16,35],"by":[17],"ophthalmologists":[18],"prone":[20],"errors":[22],"subjectivity.":[24],"Thus,":[25],"various":[26,53],"automation":[27],"methods":[28],"have":[29],"been":[30],"proposed;":[31],"however,":[32],"improvements":[33],"in":[34,206],"accuracy":[36,180,191],"are":[37,48,112,126,134,140,150],"required.":[38],"Particularly,":[39],"automated":[40],"techniques":[41,205],"using":[42,74,142,168],"deep":[43,64],"learning":[44],"on":[45],"OCT":[46,75,169],"images":[47,171],"being":[49],"developed":[50],"disorders":[55],"at":[56],"an":[57,179],"early":[58],"stage.":[59],"Here,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"a":[63],"learning-based":[65],"automatic":[66],"method":[67,100,198],"for":[68,161],"detecting":[69],"classifying":[71],"diseases":[73,78],"images.":[76],"The":[77,98,131,164],"include":[79],"age-related":[80],"macular":[81,96],"degeneration,":[82],"branch":[83],"vein":[85,89],"occlusion,":[86,90],"central":[87,91],"serous":[92],"chorioretinopathy,":[93],"diabetic":[95],"edema.":[97],"proposed":[99,165,197],"comprises":[101],"four":[102],"main":[103],"steps:":[104],"three":[105],"pretrained":[106],"models,":[107],"DenseNet-201,":[108],"InceptionV3,":[109],"ResNet-50,":[111],"first":[113],"modified":[114],"according":[115],"the":[117,120,124,137,147,153,184,190,196],"nature":[118],"of":[119,181,186,208],"dataset,":[121],"after":[122],"which":[123],"features":[125,133,139,149],"extracted":[127,132],"via":[128],"transfer":[129],"learning.":[130],"improved,":[135],"best":[138,148],"selected":[141],"ant":[143],"colony":[144],"optimization.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"passed":[151],"k-nearest":[154],"neighbors":[155],"support":[157],"vector":[158],"machine":[159],"algorithms":[160],"final":[162],"classification.":[163],"method,":[166],"evaluated":[167],"collected":[172],"from":[173],"Soonchunhyang":[174],"University":[175],"Bucheon":[176],"Hospital,":[177],"demonstrates":[178],"99.1%":[182],"with":[183],"incorporation":[185],"ACO.":[187],"Without":[188],"ACO,":[189],"achieved":[192],"97.4%.":[194],"Furthermore,":[195],"exhibits":[199],"state-of-the-art":[200],"performance":[201],"outperforms":[203],"existing":[204],"terms":[207],"accuracy.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}