{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385201543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","title":"An L-Shaped Three-Level and Single Common Element Sparse Sensor Array for 2-D DOA Estimation","display_name":"An L-Shaped Three-Level and Single Common Element Sparse Sensor Array for 2-D DOA Estimation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385201543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6625/pdf?version=1690170053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6625/pdf?version=1690170053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083715582","display_name":"Bo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-2667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079372909","display_name":"Weijia Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-9167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035557497","display_name":"Bin Ba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7302-2994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bin Ba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077613604","display_name":"Haiyun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-9049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-9049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wubin Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100200","display_name":"China Internet Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/011t9p927","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100200","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wubin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Office, Information Center, Beijing 100000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Office, Information Center, Beijing 100000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035557497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9361,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74433015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6625","last_page":"6625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-array","display_name":"Sparse array","score":0.7670647501945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.6694011092185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6652495861053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.611462414264679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5671606659889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.560863196849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.5055742263793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.4932669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-data-structure","display_name":"Array data structure","score":0.4803268015384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.316360205411911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17962396144866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1564830243587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.09041762351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08624562621116638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145177509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse array","level":2,"score":0.7670647501945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6694011092185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6652495861053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.611462414264679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5671606659889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.560863196849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5055742263793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.4932669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146064661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186152","display_name":"Array data structure","level":2,"score":0.4803268015384674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.316360205411911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17962396144866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1564830243587494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.09041762351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08624562621116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6625/pdf?version=1690170053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10385355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10385355","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10385355/pdf/sensors-23-06625.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef0a62e666924cd2b10cfe957fef8d0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef0a62e666924cd2b10cfe957fef8d0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6625 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/14/6625/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6625/pdf?version=1690170053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G715462637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171468","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385201543.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2123487169","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2136606783","https://openalex.org/W2164390589","https://openalex.org/W2364862020","https://openalex.org/W2390332739","https://openalex.org/W2576982407","https://openalex.org/W2911906994","https://openalex.org/W2947241117","https://openalex.org/W3009511039","https://openalex.org/W3030261573","https://openalex.org/W3031486614","https://openalex.org/W3046026311","https://openalex.org/W3104226094","https://openalex.org/W3147854096","https://openalex.org/W3184412645","https://openalex.org/W3195754670","https://openalex.org/W3210575423","https://openalex.org/W4224127408","https://openalex.org/W4280622900","https://openalex.org/W4283079059","https://openalex.org/W4285086906","https://openalex.org/W4288441238","https://openalex.org/W4308737907","https://openalex.org/W4362472519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307114811","https://openalex.org/W4286587386","https://openalex.org/W3160761520","https://openalex.org/W3128888383","https://openalex.org/W3097516793","https://openalex.org/W2358276481","https://openalex.org/W3131396337","https://openalex.org/W2792336043","https://openalex.org/W3092994413","https://openalex.org/W3046026311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"degree":[1],"of":[2,14,26,46,48,68,81,84,109,140,158,199,219],"freedom":[3,200],"(DOF)":[4],"is":[5,38,107,170,189],"an":[6],"important":[7],"performance":[8,178,218],"metric":[9],"for":[10,172],"evaluating":[11],"the":[12,31,44,65,69,72,93,124,134,149,155,163,166,192,216,220],"design":[13],"a":[15,39,57,110],"sparse":[16,21,60,73,78,88,116,126,132,186],"array":[17,32,62,79,136,202],"structure.":[18],"Designing":[19],"novel":[20,58],"arrays":[22,89,169],"with":[23,118,180],"higher":[24,138,197],"degrees":[25,139,198],"freedom,":[27,141],"while":[28],"ensuring":[29],"that":[30,191],"structure":[33],"can":[34],"be":[35],"mathematically":[36],"represented,":[37],"crucial":[40],"research":[41],"direction":[42,47],"in":[43,71,123,223],"field":[45],"arrival":[49],"(DOA)":[50],"estimation.":[51,173,226],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"L-shaped":[59,77,131,183,194,221],"sensor":[61],"by":[63],"adjusting":[64],"physical":[66],"placement":[67],"sensors":[70],"array.":[74],"proposed":[76,135,193],"consists":[80],"two":[82,115,125,167],"sets":[83],"three-level":[85],"and":[86,95,114,160,176,184,201],"single-element":[87],"(TSESAs),":[90],"which":[91],"estimate":[92],"azimuth":[94,159],"elevation":[96,161],"angles,":[97,162],"respectively,":[98],"through":[99],"one-dimensional":[100],"(1-D)":[101],"spatial":[102],"spectrum":[103],"search.":[104],"Each":[105],"TSESA":[106,168,195,222],"composed":[108],"uniform":[111],"linear":[112],"subarray":[113],"subarrays,":[117],"one":[119],"single":[120],"common":[121],"element":[122],"subarrays.":[127],"Compared":[128],"to":[129,143,205],"existing":[130],"arrays,":[133,187],"achieves":[137],"up":[142],"4Q1Q2+8Q1-5,":[144],"when":[145],"estimating":[146],"DOA":[147,209,225],"using":[148],"received":[150],"signal":[151],"covariance.":[152],"To":[153],"facilitate":[154],"correct":[156],"matching":[157],"cross-covariance":[164],"between":[165],"utilized":[171],"By":[174],"comparing":[175],"analyzing":[177],"parameters":[179],"commonly":[181],"used":[182],"other":[185],"it":[188],"found":[190],"has":[196],"aperture,":[203],"leading":[204],"improved":[206],"two-dimensional":[207],"(2-D)":[208],"estimation":[210],"results.":[211],"Finally,":[212],"simulation":[213],"experiments":[214],"validate":[215],"excellent":[217],"2-D":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}