{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385214880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","title":"End-to-End Bubble Size Distribution Detection Technique in Dense Bubbly Flows Based on You Only Look Once Architecture","display_name":"End-to-End Bubble Size Distribution Detection Technique in Dense Bubbly Flows Based on You Only Look Once Architecture","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385214880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6582/pdf?version=1689941996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6582/pdf?version=1689941996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004015306","display_name":"Meng-Chi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-3141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengchi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-3141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439726","display_name":"Cheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2021-6016"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069540177","display_name":"Wen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040467738","display_name":"Suyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-6265"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037806774","display_name":"Wenjun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-8703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-8703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037806774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73633726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6582","last_page":"6582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.8531172275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bubble","display_name":"Bubble","score":0.8242136240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.7487375140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectangle","display_name":"Rectangle","score":0.577078104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.569401204586029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5666230916976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4369915723800659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.434626966714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41666245460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39254307746887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37752074003219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3453616201877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.3219744563102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2873704433441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26237940788269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1517019271850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.13206720352172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.12148761749267578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.8531172275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.8242136240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7487375140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781302577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209","display_name":"Rectangle","level":2,"score":0.577078104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.569401204586029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5666230916976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4369915723800659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.434626966714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41666245460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39254307746887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37752074003219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3453616201877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3219744563102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2873704433441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26237940788269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1517019271850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.13206720352172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.12148761749267578}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6582/pdf?version=1689941996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10383167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10383167","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10383167/pdf/sensors-23-06582.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c0cb28ca7904baf95cf0b751471297b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c0cb28ca7904baf95cf0b751471297b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6582 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/14/6582/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 14; Pages: 6582","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146582","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6582/pdf?version=1689941996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G11567154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4201603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385214880.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100201561","https://openalex.org/W1602475436","https://openalex.org/W1603371649","https://openalex.org/W1939349075","https://openalex.org/W1965713543","https://openalex.org/W1966394605","https://openalex.org/W1978566175","https://openalex.org/W1990979167","https://openalex.org/W2009553011","https://openalex.org/W2035607964","https://openalex.org/W2057260686","https://openalex.org/W2065312867","https://openalex.org/W2080953448","https://openalex.org/W2085302093","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2543158573","https://openalex.org/W2550246458","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2604416794","https://openalex.org/W2770150521","https://openalex.org/W2952471288","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2998464080","https://openalex.org/W3000484198","https://openalex.org/W3040557872","https://openalex.org/W3084169356","https://openalex.org/W3087453693","https://openalex.org/W3090343305","https://openalex.org/W4205842620","https://openalex.org/W4223526963","https://openalex.org/W4296020330","https://openalex.org/W4316014309","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6806255124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371136327","https://openalex.org/W4293234107","https://openalex.org/W2370549269","https://openalex.org/W3167691913","https://openalex.org/W2978412050","https://openalex.org/W2391190630","https://openalex.org/W2259000330","https://openalex.org/W2905571979","https://openalex.org/W2361837483","https://openalex.org/W2788630320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"measurements":[1],"of":[2,20,67,84,118,130,147,156],"the":[3,18,25,65,82,85,101,114,121,139,179],"bubble":[4,62],"size":[5,83,132],"distribution":[6],"(BSD)":[7],"are":[8,94],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,181],"investigating":[11],"gas-liquid":[12],"mass":[13],"transfer":[14],"mechanisms":[15],"and":[16,38,74,96,120,150,159,168,177],"describing":[17],"characteristics":[19],"chemical":[21],"production.":[22],"However,":[23],"measuring":[24,171],"BSD":[26,45],"in":[27,48,58,145,173],"high-density":[28,174],"bubbly":[29,50,175],"flows":[30,51,176],"remains":[31],"challenging":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,80],"limited":[35],"image":[36],"algorithms":[37],"high":[39,166],"data":[40],"densities.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"an":[43],"end-to-end":[44],"detection":[46,72],"method":[47,110],"dense":[49,68],"based":[52],"on":[53],"deep":[54],"learning":[55],"is":[56,98,111,124],"proposed":[57,140,163],"this":[59],"paper.":[60],"The":[61,104,134,162],"detector":[63],"locates":[64],"positions":[66],"bubbles":[69],"utilizing":[70],"objection":[71],"networks":[73],"simultaneously":[75],"performs":[76],"ellipse":[77,131],"parameter":[78],"fitting":[79],"measure":[81],"bubbles.":[86],"Different":[87],"You":[88],"Only":[89],"Look":[90],"Once":[91],"(YOLO)":[92],"architectures":[93],"compared,":[95],"YOLOv7":[97],"selected":[99],"as":[100],"backbone":[102],"network.":[103],"complete":[105],"intersection":[106],"over":[107],"union":[108],"calculation":[109],"modified":[112],"by":[113,126],"circumferential":[115],"horizontal":[116],"rectangle":[117],"bubbles,":[119],"loss":[122],"function":[123],"optimized":[125],"adding":[127],"L2":[128],"constraints":[129],"parameters.":[133],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"that":[138],"technique":[141,164],"surpasses":[142],"existing":[143],"methods":[144],"terms":[146],"precision,":[148],"recall,":[149],"mean":[151],"square":[152],"error,":[153],"achieving":[154],"values":[155],"0.9871,":[157],"0.8725,":[158],"3.8299,":[160],"respectively.":[161],"demonstrates":[165],"efficiency":[167],"accuracy":[169],"when":[170],"BSDs":[172],"has":[178],"potential":[180],"practical":[182],"applications.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}