{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384825110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146480","title":"A Radio Frequency Region-of-Interest Convolutional Neural Network for Wideband Spectrum Sensing","display_name":"A Radio Frequency Region-of-Interest Convolutional Neural Network for Wideband Spectrum Sensing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384825110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146480","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6480/pdf?version=1689664710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6480/pdf?version=1689664710","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000960155","display_name":"Adam Olesi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-8730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adam Olesi\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-8730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075386896","display_name":"Zbigniew Piotrowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Piotrowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000960155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"fwci":1.8376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87934473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6480","last_page":"6480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.8118582963943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.7975131273269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7278250455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.6847877502441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5034281611442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5029954314231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4986691474914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4560728669166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.45556285977363586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.45113736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.44130781292915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43726420402526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4328044652938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-power","display_name":"Noise power","score":0.41873034834861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3848389983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35554739832878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30406612157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2188243865966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13465097546577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1170225441455841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08816447854042053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.8118582963943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.7975131273269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7278250455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.6847877502441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5034281611442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5029954314231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4986691474914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4560728669166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45556285977363586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.45113736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.44130781292915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43726420402526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4328044652938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203234222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133519","display_name":"Noise power","level":3,"score":0.41873034834861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3848389983177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35554739832878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30406612157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2188243865966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13465097546577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1170225441455841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08816447854042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6480/pdf?version=1689664710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10383786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10383786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:956af2f87cf74520adfc191ddb71afd3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/956af2f87cf74520adfc191ddb71afd3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6480 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6480/pdf?version=1689664710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8300062801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UGB 22 864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323668","funder_display_name":"Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323668","display_name":"Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384825110.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384825110.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2009561436","https://openalex.org/W2037962010","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2091561597","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2249359021","https://openalex.org/W2346203531","https://openalex.org/W2410848138","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2514087538","https://openalex.org/W2527747047","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2603638798","https://openalex.org/W2777685882","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2921670216","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963111219","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2964080601","https://openalex.org/W2996613410","https://openalex.org/W3039199168","https://openalex.org/W3086852546","https://openalex.org/W3093516031","https://openalex.org/W3103394902","https://openalex.org/W3111897026","https://openalex.org/W3131864390","https://openalex.org/W3133988758","https://openalex.org/W3134220855","https://openalex.org/W3145098975","https://openalex.org/W3155185403","https://openalex.org/W3166196622","https://openalex.org/W3189180948","https://openalex.org/W3193682252","https://openalex.org/W3193917007","https://openalex.org/W3208619204","https://openalex.org/W3212529757","https://openalex.org/W4225503331","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6770872273","https://openalex.org/W6782937127","https://openalex.org/W6790978699","https://openalex.org/W6907297935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2236567279","https://openalex.org/W2188389332","https://openalex.org/W4225341666","https://openalex.org/W3046087850","https://openalex.org/W1988869880","https://openalex.org/W185479762","https://openalex.org/W3161816731","https://openalex.org/W2224800885","https://openalex.org/W2392764151","https://openalex.org/W2153872761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wideband":[0],"spectrum":[1,111],"sensing":[2,112],"plays":[3],"a":[4,33,56,134],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,42,55],"various":[8],"wireless":[9],"communication":[10],"applications.":[11],"Traditional":[12],"methods,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"energy":[16,89],"detection":[17,41,63,90,98],"with":[18,25,91,117],"thresholding,":[19],"have":[20],"limitations":[21],"like":[22],"detecting":[23],"signals":[24],"low":[26],"signal-to-noise":[27],"ratio":[28],"(SNR).":[29],"This":[30],"article":[31],"proposes":[32],"novel":[34],"deep":[35],"learning-based":[36],"approach":[37,85],"for":[38,137],"RF":[39,138],"signal":[40,128,139],"the":[43,52,62,83,87,107],"wideband":[44,57,110],"spectrum.":[45],"The":[46,68,114],"objective":[47],"is":[48],"to":[49,75,102,132],"accurately":[50],"estimate":[51],"noise":[53,122],"distribution":[54,123],"radio":[58,77],"spectrogram":[59],"and":[60,105,124],"improve":[61],"performance":[64],"by":[65,94],"substracting":[66],"it.":[67],"proposed":[69,115],"method":[70,93],"utilizes":[71],"convolutional":[72],"neural":[73],"networks":[74],"analyze":[76],"spectrograms.":[78],"Model":[79],"evaluation":[80],"demonstrates":[81],"that":[82],"RFROI-CNN":[84],"outperforms":[86],"traditional":[88],"thresholding":[92],"achieving":[95],"significantly":[96],"better":[97],"results,":[99],"even":[100],"up":[101],"6":[103],"dB,":[104],"expanding":[106],"capabilities":[108],"of":[109,121,126],"systems.":[113],"approach,":[116],"its":[118],"precise":[119],"estimation":[120],"consideration":[125],"neighboring":[127],"power":[129],"values,":[130],"proves":[131],"be":[133],"promising":[135],"solution":[136],"detection.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}