{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384695059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","title":"AI-Enabled IoT Framework for Leakage Detection and Its Consequence Prediction during External Transportation of LPG","display_name":"AI-Enabled IoT Framework for Leakage Detection and Its Consequence Prediction during External Transportation of LPG","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384695059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6473/pdf?version=1689666546","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6473/pdf?version=1689666546","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101861457","display_name":"Amiya Kumar Dash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6297-7552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323093577","display_name":"BML Munjal University","ror":"https://ror.org/058ay3j75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323093577"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amiya Dash","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurugram 122413, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurugram 122413, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323093577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092493871","display_name":"Shuvabrata Bandopadhay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102117144","display_name":"Banasthali University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ycegt40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102117144"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuvabrata Bandopadhay","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith University, Rajasthan 304022, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith University, Rajasthan 304022, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102117144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034249325","display_name":"Soumya Ranjan Samal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-3487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumya Ranjan Samal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India","Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-3487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078409807","display_name":"Vladimir Poulkov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Poulkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-5639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034249325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.5013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88195532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6473","last_page":"6473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquefied-petroleum-gas","display_name":"Liquefied petroleum gas","score":0.8349610567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6966434121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flammable-liquid","display_name":"Flammable liquid","score":0.6639860272407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6551328897476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4987754821777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45715564489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4053528904914856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1787132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351609","display_name":"Liquefied petroleum gas","level":2,"score":0.8349610567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6966434121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31892906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457310","display_name":"Flammable liquid","level":2,"score":0.6639860272407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6551328897476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4987754821777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45715564489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4053528904914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6473/pdf?version=1689666546","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10383490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10383490","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10383490/pdf/sensors-23-06473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73890d6145394b3da2781576c512f29b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73890d6145394b3da2781576c512f29b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6473 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/14/6473/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 14; Pages: 6473","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6473/pdf?version=1689666546","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384695059.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W579726948","https://openalex.org/W1495184333","https://openalex.org/W1955653498","https://openalex.org/W1971593188","https://openalex.org/W2004212791","https://openalex.org/W2004233539","https://openalex.org/W2022220840","https://openalex.org/W2031218810","https://openalex.org/W2032661039","https://openalex.org/W2044850203","https://openalex.org/W2045116456","https://openalex.org/W2060360712","https://openalex.org/W2092318192","https://openalex.org/W2133009709","https://openalex.org/W2157197628","https://openalex.org/W2531602112","https://openalex.org/W2614445784","https://openalex.org/W2754546121","https://openalex.org/W2769233938","https://openalex.org/W2795002579","https://openalex.org/W2798539958","https://openalex.org/W2914964911","https://openalex.org/W2921775941","https://openalex.org/W2942940788","https://openalex.org/W2973930935","https://openalex.org/W2989736800","https://openalex.org/W2994722053","https://openalex.org/W3005831561","https://openalex.org/W3023145679","https://openalex.org/W3043381437","https://openalex.org/W3044399200","https://openalex.org/W3139178592","https://openalex.org/W3161200675","https://openalex.org/W4235226788","https://openalex.org/W4321439270","https://openalex.org/W6773602672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348573407","https://openalex.org/W263212044","https://openalex.org/W2527560009","https://openalex.org/W2381839972","https://openalex.org/W3120693169","https://openalex.org/W4243774373","https://openalex.org/W1971929153","https://openalex.org/W3122778336","https://openalex.org/W4380668336","https://openalex.org/W4281672500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,90,111],"accident":[1,52,102],"during":[2,74,134],"the":[3,16,28,32,41,48,58,75,85,97,101,106,118,125,146,159,189],"transport":[4],"of":[5,18,50,78,87,100,105,108,132,158,191],"liquefied":[6],"petroleum":[7],"gas":[8,133],"(LPG)":[9],"via":[10],"a":[11,19,26],"tanker":[12],"vehicle":[13],"leads":[14],"to":[15,46,95,128,136,142,145,176],"leakage":[17,68,131,186],"flammable":[20],"substance,":[21],"causing":[22],"devastation.":[23],"In":[24],"such":[25],"situation,":[27],"appropriate":[29,154],"action":[30],"with":[31],"shortest":[33],"possible":[34],"delay":[35],"can":[36],"minimize":[37],"subsequent":[38],"losses.":[39],"However,":[40],"decision-making":[42],"mechanism":[43],"remains":[44],"unable":[45],"detect":[47,129],"occurrence":[49],"an":[51,64],"and":[53,70,84,141,164,188],"evaluate":[54],"its":[55,71,138,165,192],"extent":[56],"within":[57],"critical":[59],"time.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"automatic":[65],"framework":[66,113],"for":[67,152,184],"detection":[69,187],"consequence":[72],"prediction":[73,190],"external":[76],"transportation":[77],"LPG":[79],"using":[80],"artificial":[81],"intelligence":[82],"(AI)":[83],"internet":[86],"things":[88],"(IoT).":[89],"AI":[91,120],"model":[92,121,161],"is":[93,114,122,162,167],"developed":[94,119],"predict":[96,137],"probable":[98,139,193],"consequences":[99],"in":[103,116,124],"terms":[104],"diameter":[107],"risk":[109],"contours.":[110],"IoT":[112],"proposed":[115,160,171],"which":[117],"deployed":[123],"edge":[126],"device":[127],"any":[130],"transportation,":[135],"consequences,":[140],"report":[143],"it":[144],"remotely":[147],"located":[148],"disaster":[149,179],"management":[150,180],"team":[151],"initiating":[153],"action.":[155],"A":[156],"prototype":[157],"built":[163],"performance":[166],"successfully":[168],"tested.":[169],"The":[170],"solution":[172],"would":[173],"significantly":[174],"help":[175],"identify":[177],"efficient":[178],"techniques":[181],"by":[182],"allowing":[183],"quick":[185],"consequences.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}