{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384666030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","title":"DNN-Based Estimation for Misalignment State of Automotive Radar Sensor","display_name":"DNN-Based Estimation for Misalignment State of Automotive Radar Sensor","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384666030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6472/pdf?version=1689601134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6472/pdf?version=1689601134","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092152822","display_name":"Junho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006189540","display_name":"Taewon Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-3721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewon Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, 76 Hanggongdaehak-ro, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si 10540, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-3721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, 76 Hanggongdaehak-ro, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si 10540, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021529299","display_name":"Seongwook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seongwook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021529299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.075,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90880775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6472","last_page":"6472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14156","display_name":"Engineering Applied Research","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7182108163833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5991920232772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5754498243331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tilt-sensor","display_name":"Tilt sensor","score":0.5372318029403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5137196779251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4876224100589752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tilt","display_name":"Tilt (camera)","score":0.4364446997642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40690410137176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4049743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3592855930328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.34311625361442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33307918906211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2862415313720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09297391772270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08585721254348755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7182108163833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5991920232772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5754498243331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32688793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827664","display_name":"Tilt sensor","level":3,"score":0.5372318029403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5137196779251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4876224100589752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779844322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919140","display_name":"Tilt (camera)","level":2,"score":0.4364446997642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40690410137176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4049743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3592855930328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.34311625361442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33307918906211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2862415313720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09297391772270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08585721254348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6472/pdf?version=1689601134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10386158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10386158","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386158/pdf/sensors-23-06472.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:619aa8c2f1494008b396353e31399b4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/619aa8c2f1494008b396353e31399b4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6472 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/14/6472/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 14; Pages: 6472","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6472/pdf?version=1689601134","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6131325180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S3291987","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","funder_display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384666030.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1619006552","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W2047030012","https://openalex.org/W2058560716","https://openalex.org/W2079727548","https://openalex.org/W2133505209","https://openalex.org/W2182537873","https://openalex.org/W2443717701","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2771833215","https://openalex.org/W2796574722","https://openalex.org/W2807756306","https://openalex.org/W2921235964","https://openalex.org/W2922411745","https://openalex.org/W2949768570","https://openalex.org/W2974025664","https://openalex.org/W2996945478","https://openalex.org/W3005664720","https://openalex.org/W3015008043","https://openalex.org/W3033588048","https://openalex.org/W3089460579","https://openalex.org/W3095690802","https://openalex.org/W3120247486","https://openalex.org/W3133190857","https://openalex.org/W3134772664","https://openalex.org/W3135991645","https://openalex.org/W3158537522","https://openalex.org/W3176583925","https://openalex.org/W3208452011","https://openalex.org/W4285253311","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4316659559","https://openalex.org/W6794744598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051612593","https://openalex.org/W4255130740","https://openalex.org/W2370437887","https://openalex.org/W2068481219","https://openalex.org/W2362543771","https://openalex.org/W3176484117","https://openalex.org/W1974863618","https://openalex.org/W1985991795","https://openalex.org/W1969363526","https://openalex.org/W2063552858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188,205],"reliability":[1],"and":[2,9,25,43,64,87,167,178],"safety":[3],"of":[4,18,48,54,84,96,114,132,149,196,201,209,222,229],"advanced":[5],"driver":[6,88],"assistance":[7],"systems":[8],"autonomous":[10],"vehicles":[11],"are":[12,161],"highly":[13],"dependent":[14],"on":[15],"the":[16,35,52,55,59,65,69,73,85,94,110,115,126,129,133,142,147,150,155,175,184,193,197,202,210,219,225,230],"accuracy":[17,208],"automotive":[19],"sensors":[20,29,86,98],"such":[21],"as":[22,186],"radar,":[23],"lidar,":[24],"camera.":[26],"However,":[27],"these":[28,97],"can":[30,45,135,234],"be":[31,136,235],"misaligned":[32],"compared":[33],"to":[34,40,79,145,154],"initial":[36],"installation":[37],"state":[38,131],"due":[39],"external":[41],"shocks,":[42],"it":[44],"cause":[46],"deterioration":[47],"their":[49],"performance.":[50],"In":[51,101],"case":[53],"radar":[56,116,134,156,159,198,226,232],"sensor,":[57],"when":[58],"mounting":[60,130],"angle":[61,113,190,195],"is":[62,99,214],"distorted":[63],"sensor":[66,117,199,233],"tilt":[67,112,165,194],"toward":[68],"ground":[70],"or":[71],"sky,":[72],"sensing":[74],"performance":[75,83],"deteriorates":[76],"significantly.":[77],"Therefore,":[78,217],"guarantee":[80],"stable":[81],"detection":[82],"safety,":[89],"a":[90,106,119,180],"method":[91,107,221],"for":[92,108],"determining":[93,224],"misalignment":[95,157],"required.":[100],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,170],"propose":[105],"estimating":[109],"vertical":[111],"using":[118,183],"deep":[120],"neural":[121],"network":[122],"(DNN)":[123],"classifier.":[124],"Using":[125],"proposed":[127,189,211,220],"method,":[128],"easily":[137,236],"estimated":[138],"without":[139],"physically":[140],"removing":[141],"bumper.":[143],"First,":[144],"identify":[146],"characteristics":[148],"received":[151,176],"signal":[152],"according":[153],"states,":[158],"data":[160],"obtained":[162],"at":[163],"various":[164],"angles":[166],"distances.":[168],"Then,":[169],"extract":[171],"range":[172],"profiles":[173,185],"from":[174],"signals":[177],"design":[179],"DNN-based":[181,212],"estimator":[182,191],"input.":[187],"determines":[192],"regardless":[200],"measured":[203],"distance.":[204],"average":[206],"estimation":[207],"classifier":[213],"over":[215],"99.08%.":[216],"through":[218],"indirectly":[223],"misalignment,":[227],"maintenance":[228],"vehicle":[231],"performed.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
