{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384299717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","title":"Concentration Retrieval in a Calibration-Free Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","display_name":"Concentration Retrieval in a Calibration-Free Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384299717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6374/pdf?version=1689666581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6374/pdf?version=1689666581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329617","display_name":"Tingting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196934937","display_name":"Liaocheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yh0n709","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100545103","display_name":"Yongjie Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjie Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China","School of Physical Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724577","display_name":"Pengpeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-8837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196934937","display_name":"Liaocheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yh0n709","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040833460","display_name":"Cunguang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196934937","display_name":"Liaocheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yh0n709","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cunguang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040833460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196934937"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9074,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69981549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"14","first_page":"6374","last_page":"6374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.9011141061782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6227898597717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5883612036705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5600876808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.43964889645576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4247663915157318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.39705610275268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3904402256011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3084098994731903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26922786235809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24584275484085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1556873619556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07318487763404846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.9011141061782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6227898597717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5883612036705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5600876808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.43964889645576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4247663915157318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.39705610275268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3904402256011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3084098994731903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26922786235809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24584275484085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1556873619556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07318487763404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6374/pdf?version=1689666581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37514667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37514667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10386339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10386339","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386339/pdf/sensors-23-06374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdd74c42eaea495b98dec29efd41f1d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdd74c42eaea495b98dec29efd41f1d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 14, p 6374 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/14/6374/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 14; Pages: 6374","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23146374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/14/6374/pdf?version=1689666581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384299717.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384299717.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1776209211","https://openalex.org/W1998158921","https://openalex.org/W2009307261","https://openalex.org/W2034076814","https://openalex.org/W2089238781","https://openalex.org/W2089846089","https://openalex.org/W2093384665","https://openalex.org/W2124585275","https://openalex.org/W2133151341","https://openalex.org/W2158937372","https://openalex.org/W2162264741","https://openalex.org/W2297035449","https://openalex.org/W2306949158","https://openalex.org/W2407881688","https://openalex.org/W2582496291","https://openalex.org/W2591460623","https://openalex.org/W2591739683","https://openalex.org/W2728435585","https://openalex.org/W2902246314","https://openalex.org/W2910997997","https://openalex.org/W2937656395","https://openalex.org/W2950414856","https://openalex.org/W2994857847","https://openalex.org/W3025312977","https://openalex.org/W3033949427","https://openalex.org/W3128939550","https://openalex.org/W3191899405","https://openalex.org/W3199877163","https://openalex.org/W3201958846","https://openalex.org/W4205805055","https://openalex.org/W4376467251","https://openalex.org/W4377018099","https://openalex.org/W6852687235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3019402777","https://openalex.org/W4386596916","https://openalex.org/W3212544526","https://openalex.org/W2031835531","https://openalex.org/W2388590088","https://openalex.org/W1969166468","https://openalex.org/W2022727000","https://openalex.org/W2116377213","https://openalex.org/W2122371747","https://openalex.org/W2069224524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"develops":[2],"a":[3,19,75],"concentration":[4,94],"retrieval":[5,95],"technique":[6,31,63,96,116],"based":[7,32],"on":[8,33,44],"the":[9,28,34,38,45,48,54,58,61,79,92,103,108,114,125],"particle":[10],"swarm":[11],"optimization":[12],"(PSO)":[13],"algorithm,":[14,37],"which":[15],"is":[16,41,97],"used":[17,30],"for":[18],"calibration-free":[20],"wavelength":[21],"modulation":[22],"spectroscopy":[23],"system.":[24],"As":[25],"compared":[26],"with":[27,124],"commonly":[29],"Levenberg-Marquardt":[35],"(LM)":[36],"PSO-based":[39,62,93,115],"method":[40],"less":[42],"dependent":[43],"pre-characterization":[46],"of":[47,60,78,81],"laser":[49],"tuning":[50],"parameters.":[51],"We":[52],"analyzed":[53],"key":[55],"parameters":[56],"affecting":[57],"performance":[59],"and":[64],"determined":[65],"their":[66],"optimal":[67],"parameter":[68],"values":[69,126],"through":[70],"testing.":[71],"Furthermore,":[72],"we":[73],"conducted":[74],"comparative":[76],"analysis":[77],"efficacy":[80],"two":[82],"techniques":[83],"in":[84,106],"detecting":[85],"C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>":[86],"concentration.":[87],"The":[88],"results":[89],"showed":[90],"that":[91,120],"about":[98],"63":[99],"times":[100],"faster":[101],"than":[102],"LM-based":[104],"one":[105],"achieving":[107],"same":[109],"accuracy.":[110],"Within":[111],"5":[112],"s,":[113],"can":[117],"produce":[118],"findings":[119],"are":[121],"generally":[122],"consistent":[123],"anticipated.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
