{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383819774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","title":"Eye-Gaze Controlled Wheelchair Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Eye-Gaze Controlled Wheelchair Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383819774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37448088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23136239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6239/pdf?version=1688959153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6239/pdf?version=1688959153","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101817759","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-606X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-606X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101222471","display_name":"Zuning Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuning Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111446797","display_name":"Liangyuan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626958","display_name":"Xinghua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-4155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064858597","display_name":"Kai Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-9250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101817759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.2295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94340294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"13","first_page":"6239","last_page":"6239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheelchair","display_name":"Wheelchair","score":0.9696366786956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joystick","display_name":"Joystick","score":0.8569626808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5304920673370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.508396327495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.498460054397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.49715617299079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4912669062614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.49079784750938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49037671089172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4694613516330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.4302462339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3468884229660034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781042323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191931","display_name":"Wheelchair","level":2,"score":0.9696366786956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96439379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178805","display_name":"Joystick","level":2,"score":0.8569626808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5304920673370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.508396327495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.498460054397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.49715617299079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4912669062614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49079784750938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49037671089172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4694613516330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.4302462339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3468884229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014910","descriptor_name":"Wheelchairs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014910","descriptor_name":"Wheelchairs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014910","descriptor_name":"Wheelchairs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23136239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6239/pdf?version=1688959153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37448088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37448088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10346204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10346204","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10346204/pdf/sensors-23-06239.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28b9276e4a994977917a33a0b63ad5c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28b9276e4a994977917a33a0b63ad5c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 13, p 6239 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/13/6239/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 13; Pages: 6239","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23136239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6239/pdf?version=1688959153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383819774.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W755950124","https://openalex.org/W1627554354","https://openalex.org/W2087277933","https://openalex.org/W2097493241","https://openalex.org/W2113705163","https://openalex.org/W2133340552","https://openalex.org/W2145121303","https://openalex.org/W2308704057","https://openalex.org/W2583517895","https://openalex.org/W2590397904","https://openalex.org/W2806388721","https://openalex.org/W2973305762","https://openalex.org/W2982524916","https://openalex.org/W2982624217","https://openalex.org/W2999715288","https://openalex.org/W3009038511","https://openalex.org/W3028301415","https://openalex.org/W3032172559","https://openalex.org/W3035233500","https://openalex.org/W3043770392","https://openalex.org/W3045584686","https://openalex.org/W3112064010","https://openalex.org/W3145460128","https://openalex.org/W3158356600","https://openalex.org/W3158990297","https://openalex.org/W3167738729","https://openalex.org/W3198669993","https://openalex.org/W3200069705","https://openalex.org/W3209926072","https://openalex.org/W3210728012","https://openalex.org/W3211770574","https://openalex.org/W4205189733","https://openalex.org/W4210754915","https://openalex.org/W4223505724","https://openalex.org/W4224014485","https://openalex.org/W4246074998","https://openalex.org/W4282010545","https://openalex.org/W4285082203","https://openalex.org/W4285591196","https://openalex.org/W4290997088","https://openalex.org/W4308088464","https://openalex.org/W4308352302","https://openalex.org/W4308372269","https://openalex.org/W4308580976","https://openalex.org/W4309737144","https://openalex.org/W4313294771","https://openalex.org/W4313470103","https://openalex.org/W4313705707","https://openalex.org/W4318484070","https://openalex.org/W4318825225","https://openalex.org/W4327773816","https://openalex.org/W4366091836","https://openalex.org/W6622239413","https://openalex.org/W6640564649","https://openalex.org/W6674000272","https://openalex.org/W6675801466","https://openalex.org/W6772988765","https://openalex.org/W6781762824","https://openalex.org/W6809818619","https://openalex.org/W6827461646","https://openalex.org/W7019169273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172827307","https://openalex.org/W2899737318","https://openalex.org/W2120422838","https://openalex.org/W1864091273","https://openalex.org/W2703250229","https://openalex.org/W2757505161","https://openalex.org/W2789946196","https://openalex.org/W2117758670","https://openalex.org/W2584508748","https://openalex.org/W2163077615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,66],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,82],"design":[4],"a":[5,17,27,30,35,50,84],"technologically":[6],"intelligent":[7],"wheelchair":[8,41,80,100,141],"with":[9,14],"eye-movement":[10,64,117,135],"control":[11,37],"for":[12],"patients":[13],"ALS":[15],"in":[16],"natural":[18],"environment.":[19],"The":[20,39,115,127],"system":[21],"consists":[22],"of":[23,46,75,88,97,108,111,134],"an":[24,58,123],"electric":[25],"wheelchair,":[26,91],"vision":[28],"system,":[29],"two-dimensional":[31],"robotic":[32],"arm,":[33],"and":[34,53,57,78,104,149],"main":[36],"system.":[38],"smart":[40,90,99,113],"obtains":[42],"the":[43,47,63,70,73,76,79,89,94,98,106,109,112,132,140,150],"eye":[44],"image":[45],"controller":[48],"through":[49],"monocular":[51],"camera":[52],"uses":[54],"deep":[55],"learning":[56],"attention":[59],"mechanism":[60],"to":[61,146],"calculate":[62],"direction.":[65],"addition,":[67],"starting":[68],"from":[69],"relationship":[71],"between":[72],"trajectory":[74,152],"joystick":[77],"speed,":[81],"establish":[83],"motion":[85,103,110],"acceleration":[86,96],"model":[87,119],"which":[92],"reduces":[93],"sudden":[95,156],"during":[101],"rapid":[102],"improves":[105],"smoothness":[107],"wheelchair.":[114],"lightweight":[116],"recognition":[118,137],"is":[120,138,144,153],"transplanted":[121],"into":[122],"embedded":[124],"AI":[125],"controller.":[126],"test":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"that":[131],"accuracy":[133],"direction":[136],"98.49%,":[139],"movement":[142,151],"speed":[143],"up":[145],"1":[147],"m/s,":[148],"smooth,":[154],"without":[155],"changes.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}