{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382725430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","title":"Early Identification of Root Damages Caused by Western Corn Rootworms Using a Minimally Invasive Root Phenotyping Robot\u2014MISIRoot","display_name":"Early Identification of Root Damages Caused by Western Corn Rootworms Using a Minimally Invasive Root Phenotyping Robot\u2014MISIRoot","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382725430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5995/pdf?version=1687937605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5995/pdf?version=1687937605","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032469272","display_name":"Zhihang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-9937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-9937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100578585","display_name":"Tianzhang Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzhang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745791","display_name":"Jian Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-1825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100745791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1206,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83993764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"13","first_page":"5995","last_page":"5995"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11179","display_name":"Nematode management and characterization studies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11179","display_name":"Nematode management and characterization studies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11247","display_name":"Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoot","display_name":"Shoot","score":0.6126061677932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-system","display_name":"Root system","score":0.5760946273803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.554779052734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4311336576938629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.3739013075828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.36599647998809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.3481047749519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2948956787586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14277678728103638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21410773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220869","display_name":"Shoot","level":2,"score":0.6126061677932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155868670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q534131","display_name":"Root system","level":2,"score":0.5760946273803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.554779052734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4311336576938629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.3739013075828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.36599647998809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.3481047749519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2948956787586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14277678728103638}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007814","descriptor_name":"Larva","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007814","descriptor_name":"Larva","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007814","descriptor_name":"Larva","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5995/pdf?version=1687937605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37447843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10346699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10346699","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10346699/pdf/sensors-23-05995.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1c7b3cff8234bdcafb8edcd6ee3a41f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1c7b3cff8234bdcafb8edcd6ee3a41f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 13, p 5995 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/13/5995/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 13; Pages: 5995","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5995/pdf?version=1687937605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382725430.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134565792","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1975460428","https://openalex.org/W1989863789","https://openalex.org/W1990562571","https://openalex.org/W2007959241","https://openalex.org/W2017948136","https://openalex.org/W2032913773","https://openalex.org/W2064626835","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2072047493","https://openalex.org/W2096996101","https://openalex.org/W2128866545","https://openalex.org/W2139364173","https://openalex.org/W2161774355","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2174706075","https://openalex.org/W2412684871","https://openalex.org/W2768881357","https://openalex.org/W2801870720","https://openalex.org/W2954491854","https://openalex.org/W2969320577","https://openalex.org/W3088690709","https://openalex.org/W4239584993","https://openalex.org/W4256227964","https://openalex.org/W4285083525","https://openalex.org/W4286560249","https://openalex.org/W6666487912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2060412568","https://openalex.org/W2157297731","https://openalex.org/W2911502037","https://openalex.org/W2947221786","https://openalex.org/W984034871","https://openalex.org/W4289842538","https://openalex.org/W2049468077","https://openalex.org/W958913567","https://openalex.org/W191400226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Western":[0],"corn":[1,10],"rootworm":[2,11],"(WCR)":[3],"is":[4,34,50,70],"one":[5],"of":[6,17,40,55,77,95,135,157,248,272,291,301,304],"the":[7,31,38,47,51,56,59,63,67,78,84,96,103,136,144,150,169,184,190,202,210,215,225,229,241,249,260,264,269,273,283,287,302,315],"most":[8],"devastating":[9],"species":[12],"in":[13,66,118,143,154,209],"North":[14],"America":[15],"because":[16],"its":[18],"ability":[19],"to":[20,36,72,125,147,167,182,214,239],"cause":[21,89],"severe":[22],"production":[23],"loss":[24,94],"and":[25,92,117,146,172,195],"grain":[26],"quality":[27],"damage.":[28],"To":[29,101,140,199],"control":[30,216],"loss,":[32],"it":[33],"important":[35],"identify":[37,141],"infection":[39],"WCR":[41,57,108,312],"at":[42,58,263],"an":[43],"early":[44,74],"stage.":[45],"Because":[46],"root":[48,68,104,122,274],"system":[49,69],"earliest":[52],"feeding":[53],"source":[54],"larvae":[60],"stage,":[61],"assessing":[62],"direct":[64],"damage":[65],"crucial":[71],"achieving":[73],"detection.":[75],"Most":[76],"current":[79],"methods":[80],"still":[81],"necessitate":[82],"uprooting":[83],"entire":[85],"plant,":[86],"which":[87],"could":[88,280],"permanent":[90],"destruction":[91],"a":[93,114,159,177,236,255,307],"original":[97],"root\u2019s":[98],"structural":[99,275],"information.":[100],"measure":[102],"damages":[105,151],"caused":[106],"by":[107],"non-destructively,":[109],"this":[110],"study":[111,148],"utilized":[112],"MISIRoot,":[113],"minimally":[115],"invasive":[116],"situ":[119],"automatic":[120],"plant":[121,193,203,316],"phenotyping":[123],"robot":[124],"collect":[126],"not":[127],"only":[128],"high-resolution":[129],"images":[130,145],"but":[131],"also":[132],"3D":[133],"positions":[134],"roots":[137,142],"without":[138],"uprooting.":[139],"how":[149],"were":[152,221,233,298],"distributed":[153],"different":[155],"types":[156],"roots,":[158],"deep":[160],"convolution":[161],"neural":[162],"network":[163],"model":[164,238],"was":[165,180],"trained":[166],"differentiate":[168,240,282],"relatively":[170],"thick":[171],"thin":[173],"roots.":[174],"In":[175],"addition,":[176],"color":[178],"camera":[179],"used":[181],"capture":[183],"above-ground":[185,250],"morphological":[186,231],"features,":[187],"such":[188],"as":[189,306],"leaf":[191,197],"color,":[192],"height,":[194],"side-view":[196],"area.":[198],"check":[200],"if":[201],"shoot":[204,230,317],"had":[205],"any":[206],"visible":[207],"symptoms":[208],"inoculated":[211],"group":[212],"compared":[213],"group,":[217],"several":[218],"vegetation":[219],"indices":[220],"calculated":[222],"based":[223],"on":[224],"RGB":[226],"color.":[227],"Additionally,":[228],"features":[232,251,276],"fed":[234],"into":[235],"PLS-DA":[237],"two":[242,261,284],"groups.":[243],"Results":[244],"showed":[245,318],"that":[246],"none":[247],"or":[252],"models":[253],"output":[254],"statistically":[256],"significant":[257,319],"difference":[258],"between":[259],"groups":[262,285],"95%":[265],"confidence":[266],"level.":[267],"On":[268],"contrary,":[270],"many":[271],"measured":[277],"using":[278],"MISIRoot":[279,305],"successfully":[281],"with":[286],"smallest":[288],"t-test":[289],"p-value":[290],"1.5791":[292],"\u00d7":[293],"10\u22126.":[294],"The":[295],"promising":[296],"outcomes":[297],"solid":[299],"proof":[300],"effectiveness":[303],"potential":[308],"solution":[309],"for":[310],"identifying":[311],"infestations":[313],"before":[314],"symptoms.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
