{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381617971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","title":"Improved Performance for PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Robust-Type Controller, ESO-Type Observer, Multiple Neural Networks, and RL-TD3 Agent","display_name":"Improved Performance for PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Robust-Type Controller, ESO-Type Observer, Multiple Neural Networks, and RL-TD3 Agent","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381617971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5799/pdf?version=1687661479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5799/pdf?version=1687661479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041828658","display_name":"Marcel Nicola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1456-0127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97553796","display_name":"University of Craiova","ror":"https://ror.org/03s251g81","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Nicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","Research and Development Department, National Institute for Research, Development and Testing in Electrical Engineering\u2014ICMET Craiova, 200746 Craiova, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1456-0127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development Department, National Institute for Research, Development and Testing in Electrical Engineering\u2014ICMET Craiova, 200746 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078487414","display_name":"Claudiu-Ionel Nicola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-6436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97553796","display_name":"University of Craiova","ror":"https://ror.org/03s251g81","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudiu-Ionel Nicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","Research and Development Department, National Institute for Research, Development and Testing in Electrical Engineering\u2014ICMET Craiova, 200746 Craiova, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-6436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development Department, National Institute for Research, Development and Testing in Electrical Engineering\u2014ICMET Craiova, 200746 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112373229","display_name":"Cosmin Ionete","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97553796","display_name":"University of Craiova","ror":"https://ror.org/03s251g81","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cosmin Ionete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040064095","display_name":"Dorin \u0218endrescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-5142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97553796","display_name":"University of Craiova","ror":"https://ror.org/03s251g81","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorin \u0218endrescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-5142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081880465","display_name":"Monica Roman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-314X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97553796","display_name":"University of Craiova","ror":"https://ror.org/03s251g81","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Roman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041828658","https://openalex.org/A5078487414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97553796"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8724,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73013828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"13","first_page":"5799","last_page":"5799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11602","display_name":"Magnetic Bearings and Levitation Dynamics","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.8734610676765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5499427318572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5477827787399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotor","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","score":0.47421693801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-control","display_name":"Robust control","score":0.46611788868904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4615066349506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stator","display_name":"Stator","score":0.44724905490875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-control","display_name":"Vector control","score":0.4341646730899811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.4270179867744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4258878231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-speed-control","display_name":"Electronic speed control","score":0.4142269492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.40661436319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25548461079597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.18303126096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.10936698317527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0871441662311554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0759689211845398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.8734610676765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5499427318572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5477827787399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.47421693801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.46611788868904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4615066349506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.44724905490875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152060993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759392","display_name":"Vector control","level":4,"score":0.4341646730899811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.4270179867744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4258878231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45641319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550768","display_name":"Electronic speed control","level":2,"score":0.4142269492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.40661436319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25548461079597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.18303126096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.10936698317527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0871441662311554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0759689211845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017709","descriptor_name":"Fractals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057766","descriptor_name":"Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5799/pdf?version=1687661479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37447648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10347216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10347216","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10347216/pdf/sensors-23-05799.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b4f9d2bfb764d0dafcb719af8a35053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b4f9d2bfb764d0dafcb719af8a35053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 13, p 5799 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/13/5799/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 13; Pages: 5799","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23135799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135799","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5799/pdf?version=1687661479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1562978450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PN 23 33 02 04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323444","funder_display_name":"Autoritatea National\u0103 pentru Cercetare Stiintific\u0103"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323444","display_name":"Autoritatea National\u0103 pentru Cercetare Stiintific\u0103","ror":"https://ror.org/03padf885"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381617971.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1409615047","https://openalex.org/W2119207578","https://openalex.org/W2623334844","https://openalex.org/W2735654191","https://openalex.org/W2782952991","https://openalex.org/W2968535061","https://openalex.org/W3000818411","https://openalex.org/W3020341585","https://openalex.org/W3033207475","https://openalex.org/W3034569436","https://openalex.org/W3046148787","https://openalex.org/W3049420146","https://openalex.org/W3080954535","https://openalex.org/W3162973685","https://openalex.org/W3169146028","https://openalex.org/W3198753291","https://openalex.org/W3211623410","https://openalex.org/W3212557434","https://openalex.org/W4200313126","https://openalex.org/W4205413338","https://openalex.org/W4210600786","https://openalex.org/W4221065305","https://openalex.org/W4283792502","https://openalex.org/W4288719732","https://openalex.org/W4296095395","https://openalex.org/W4308428015","https://openalex.org/W4311970918","https://openalex.org/W4317206938","https://openalex.org/W4321372194","https://openalex.org/W4362456919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063511180","https://openalex.org/W2358246515","https://openalex.org/W2392229960","https://openalex.org/W2018210329","https://openalex.org/W2359895044","https://openalex.org/W2129638789","https://openalex.org/W2035841382","https://openalex.org/W1967629468","https://openalex.org/W2161476708","https://openalex.org/W2394000355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"summarizes":[2],"a":[3,15,21,69,99,188,195,204,225,260],"robust":[4,88,114],"controller":[5,115],"based":[6,147],"on":[7,148,230],"the":[8,12,59,62,76,85,90,113,121,129,134,140,158,171,176,182,185,199,216,220,228,231,241,257,279,291],"fact":[9],"that,":[10],"in":[11,32,49,75,92,110,133,155,168,194,235,276,290],"operation":[13],"of":[14,23,42,61,73,78,87,120,128,136,157,170,175,187,198,207,218,240,250,259,293],"permanent":[16],"magnet":[17],"synchronous":[18],"motor":[19],"(PMSM),":[20],"number":[22],"disturbance":[24],"factors":[25],"naturally":[26],"occur,":[27],"among":[28],"which":[29],"both":[30,154,219,289],"changes":[31,48],"internal":[33],"parameters":[34,79],"(e.g.,":[35],"stator":[36],"resistance":[37],"Rs":[38],"and":[39,44,47,94,162,224,268,295],"combined":[40],"inertia":[41],"rotor":[43,177,222],"load":[45,50,243,265],"J)":[46],"torque":[51,244,266],"TL":[52],"can":[53,65,245],"be":[54,66,246],"mentioned.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,236],"way,":[58],"performance":[60,119,281],"control":[63,124,131,138,144,191],"system":[64,192,232],"maintained":[67],"over":[68],"relatively":[70],"wide":[71],"range":[72],"variation":[74],"types":[77],"mentioned":[80],"above.":[81],"It":[82],"also":[83,167],"presents":[84],"synthesis":[86],"control,":[89],"implementation":[91],"MATLAB/Simulink,":[93],"an":[95,208,238,269],"improved":[96],"version":[97],"using":[98,284],"reinforcement":[100],"learning":[101],"twin-delayed":[102],"deep":[103],"deterministic":[104],"policy":[105],"gradient":[106],"(RL-TD3)":[107],"agent,":[108],"working":[109],"tandem":[111],"with":[112],"to":[116],"achieve":[117],"superior":[118,280],"PMSM":[122,221,242],"sensored":[123,137,294],"system.":[125],"The":[126,272],"comparison":[127],"proposed":[130],"systems,":[132],"case":[135,292],"versus":[139],"classical":[141,149],"field":[142],"oriented":[143],"(FOC)":[145],"structure,":[146,214],"PI-type":[150],"controllers,":[151],"is":[152],"made":[153],"terms":[156,169],"usual":[159],"response":[160],"time":[161],"error":[163],"speed":[164,178,223],"ripple,":[165],"but":[166],"fractal":[172],"dimension":[173],"(DF)":[174],"signal,":[179],"by":[180,212,255,283],"verifying":[181],"hypothesis":[183],"that":[184],"use":[186,258],"more":[189],"efficient":[190],"results":[193],"higher":[196],"DF":[197],"controlled":[200],"variable.":[201],"Starting":[202],"from":[203],"basic":[205],"structure":[206],"ESO-type":[209],"observer":[210,267],"which,":[211,234],"its":[213],"allows":[215],"estimation":[217],"term":[226],"incorporating":[227],"disturbances":[229],"(from":[233],"case,":[237],"estimate":[239],"extracted),":[247],"four":[248],"variants":[249],"observers":[251],"are":[252],"proposed,":[253],"obtained":[254,282],"combining":[256],"multiple":[261],"neural":[262],"network":[263],"(NN)":[264],"RL-TD3":[270,287],"agent.":[271],"numerical":[273],"simulations":[274],"performed":[275],"MATLAB/Simulink":[277],"validate":[278],"properly":[285],"trained":[286],"agents,":[288],"sensorless":[296],"control.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}