{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380996014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","title":"Single Modality vs. Multimodality: What Works Best for Lung Cancer Screening?","display_name":"Single Modality vs. Multimodality: What Works Best for Lung Cancer Screening?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380996014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5597/pdf?version=1686810352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5597/pdf?version=1686810352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012453232","display_name":"Joana Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-2978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joana Vale Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-2978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050391787","display_name":"Pedro Verga Matos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Matos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387002","display_name":"Francisco Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-2282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science (FCUP), University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-2282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science (FCUP), University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014562562","display_name":"Pedro Freitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-5880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Freitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-5880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024451344","display_name":"H\u00e9lder P. Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-8540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9lder P. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science (FCUP), University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-8540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science (FCUP), University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001437567","display_name":"T\u00e2nia Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-2436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tania Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-2436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012453232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93417738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"5597","last_page":"5597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7331156730651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.675737202167511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5109414458274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5003266334533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.4889737367630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4844246208667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.4799909293651581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4774209260940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-treatment-planning","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","score":0.45037686824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer-screening","display_name":"Lung cancer screening","score":0.4388319253921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4273383617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.40529656410217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.37720364332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3696872591972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36902791261672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29996800422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-therapy","display_name":"Radiation therapy","score":0.2713490128517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.12655887007713318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7331156730651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.675737202167511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5109414458274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5003266334533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.4889737367630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4844246208667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.4799909293651581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4774209260940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201645570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830637","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","level":3,"score":0.45037686824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777405583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6704277","display_name":"Lung cancer screening","level":3,"score":0.4388319253921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4273383617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.40529656410217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.37720364332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3696872591972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36902791261672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29996800422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.2713490128517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12655887007713318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055088","descriptor_name":"Early Detection of Cancer","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055088","descriptor_name":"Early Detection of Cancer","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055088","descriptor_name":"Early Detection of Cancer","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5597/pdf?version=1686810352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37420765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10301640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10301640","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10301640/pdf/sensors-23-05597.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ed18e5aa0bf40b3b7d8aa7adebfd488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ed18e5aa0bf40b3b7d8aa7adebfd488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 12, p 5597 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/12/5597/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 12; Pages: 5597","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5597/pdf?version=1686810352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3611179903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-2026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969234362","display_name":"A Causal Learning Approach for Lung Cancer Characterisation on Multimodal Data","funder_award_id":"2021.05767.BD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380996014.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1213336605","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2082907106","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2393905053","https://openalex.org/W2472120540","https://openalex.org/W2809810092","https://openalex.org/W2897178272","https://openalex.org/W2917412692","https://openalex.org/W2999923950","https://openalex.org/W3024871967","https://openalex.org/W3094595351","https://openalex.org/W3117747387","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W3146097188","https://openalex.org/W3165288049","https://openalex.org/W3168463823","https://openalex.org/W4206042814","https://openalex.org/W4206497782","https://openalex.org/W4207025970","https://openalex.org/W4221080555","https://openalex.org/W4221112170","https://openalex.org/W6806289763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205899436","https://openalex.org/W2462138927","https://openalex.org/W3111427900","https://openalex.org/W4302009627","https://openalex.org/W4212781403","https://openalex.org/W4388989680","https://openalex.org/W2373442452","https://openalex.org/W3160379098","https://openalex.org/W4200140903","https://openalex.org/W3131575276"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,43,52,54,87,177,245,256,267,272],"clinical":[2,31,130,186,231,248],"context,":[3],"physicians":[4],"usually":[5],"take":[6,34],"into":[7,35],"account":[8],"information":[9,222],"from":[10,65,121,223],"more":[11,44,55,107,314],"than":[12,108],"one":[13,109],"data":[14,40,89,110,120,157,249],"modality":[15],"when":[16,105],"making":[17],"decisions":[18],"regarding":[19],"cancer":[20,59,104,265],"diagnosis":[21],"and":[22,33,129,139,143,201,214,229,250,276,279],"treatment":[23],"planning.":[24],"Artificial":[25],"intelligence-based":[26],"methods":[27],"should":[28],"mimic":[29],"the":[30,48,100,135,137,149,185,189,195,202,206,221,224,230,235,289,303,310,318,321],"method":[32],"consideration":[36],"different":[37,122,306],"sources":[38],"of":[39,47,86,102,141,152,156,173,199,247,262,274,293,305,317],"that":[41,118,146,241,288,296,302],"allow":[42],"comprehensive":[45,315],"analysis":[46],"patient":[49],"and,":[50],"as":[51,243],"consequence,":[53],"accurate":[56],"diagnosis.":[57,79],"Lung":[58,114,264],"evaluation,":[60],"in":[61],"particular,":[62],"can":[63],"benefit":[64],"this":[66,69,95],"approach":[67],"since":[68],"pathology":[70],"presents":[71],"high":[72],"mortality":[73],"rates":[74],"due":[75],"to":[76,98,158,167,183,219,295,312],"its":[77],"late":[78,215],"However,":[80],"many":[81],"related":[82],"works":[83],"make":[84],"use":[85],"single":[88],"source,":[90],"namely":[91],"imaging":[92,252],"data.":[93,232],"Therefore,":[94],"work":[96],"aims":[97],"study":[99],"prediction":[101],"lung":[103],"using":[106],"modality.":[111],"The":[112,298],"National":[113],"Screening":[115],"Trial":[116],"dataset":[117],"contains":[119],"sources,":[123],"specifically,":[124],"computed":[125],"tomography":[126],"(CT)":[127],"scans":[128],"data,":[131,187],"was":[132,165,181],"used":[133,182],"for":[134],"study,":[136],"development":[138],"comparison":[140],"single-modality":[142],"multimodality":[144,207],"models,":[145],"may":[147,308],"explore":[148],"predictive":[150],"capability":[151],"these":[153],"two":[154],"types":[155,307],"their":[159],"full":[160],"potential.":[161],"A":[162],"ResNet18":[163,257],"network":[164],"trained":[166],"classify":[168,184],"3D":[169,225],"CT":[170,226],"nodule":[171,227],"regions":[172],"interest":[174],"(ROI),":[175],"whereas":[176],"random":[178],"forest":[179],"algorithm":[180],"with":[188],"former":[190],"achieving":[191],"an":[192,260],"area":[193],"under":[194],"ROC":[196],"curve":[197],"(AUC)":[198],"0.7897":[200],"latter":[203],"0.5241.":[204],"Regarding":[205],"approaches,":[208],"three":[209],"strategies,":[210],"based":[211],"on":[212],"intermediate":[213],"fusion,":[216],"were":[217],"implemented":[218],"combine":[220],"ROIs":[228],"From":[233],"those,":[234],"best":[236],"model-a":[237],"fully":[238],"connected":[239],"layer":[240],"receives":[242],"input":[244],"combination":[246,304],"deep":[251],"features,":[253],"given":[254],"by":[255,271,281,320],"inference":[258],"model-presented":[259],"AUC":[261],"0.8021.":[263],"is":[266,285],"complex":[268],"disease,":[269],"characterized":[270],"multitude":[273],"biological":[275],"physiological":[277],"phenomena":[278],"influenced":[280],"multiple":[282],"factors.":[283],"It":[284],"thus":[286],"imperative":[287],"models":[290],"are":[291],"capable":[292],"responding":[294],"need.":[297],"results":[299],"obtained":[300],"showed":[301],"have":[309],"potential":[311],"produce":[313],"analyses":[316],"disease":[319],"models.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
