{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378529085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","title":"Fault Diagnosis of the Autonomous Driving Perception System Based on Information Fusion","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis of the Autonomous Driving Perception System Based on Information Fusion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378529085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5110/pdf?version=1685603778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5110/pdf?version=1685603778","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011531406","display_name":"Wenkui Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-4882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenkui Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-4882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067529047","display_name":"Wanyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395630","display_name":"Pengyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8016-6288"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Design Department, Beijing Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing 100005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Design Department, Beijing Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing 100005, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011531406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.8596,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9037805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"5110","last_page":"5110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6669612526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.663443922996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6299266815185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5941159725189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5655958652496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5155503749847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5063029527664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4877830147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4716818928718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4563470780849457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4151046872138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11878353357315063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6669612526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.663443922996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6299266815185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5941159725189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5655958652496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5155503749847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5063029527664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4877830147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4716818928718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4563470780849457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4151046872138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11878353357315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5110/pdf?version=1685603778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37299837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10255210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10255210","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10255210/pdf/sensors-23-05110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c201575082f44904bd5f2edc464f78b6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c201575082f44904bd5f2edc464f78b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 11, p 5110 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/11/5110/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 11; Pages: 5110","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5110/pdf?version=1685603778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378529085.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1575210522","https://openalex.org/W2038420319","https://openalex.org/W2083044905","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2510641758","https://openalex.org/W2516873367","https://openalex.org/W2554078916","https://openalex.org/W2607626645","https://openalex.org/W2743957162","https://openalex.org/W2889395339","https://openalex.org/W2906735273","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2967098543","https://openalex.org/W2971117981","https://openalex.org/W2975886123","https://openalex.org/W2990387732","https://openalex.org/W3003525670","https://openalex.org/W3008115128","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3040181730","https://openalex.org/W3045897451","https://openalex.org/W3105073457","https://openalex.org/W3113721831","https://openalex.org/W3118479569","https://openalex.org/W3133037048","https://openalex.org/W3135204376","https://openalex.org/W3155771585","https://openalex.org/W3182036141","https://openalex.org/W3214033405","https://openalex.org/W4205492173","https://openalex.org/W4221053356","https://openalex.org/W4225575942","https://openalex.org/W4246251094","https://openalex.org/W4283746426","https://openalex.org/W4283796179","https://openalex.org/W4296438024","https://openalex.org/W4312241507","https://openalex.org/W6987212381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2944239605","https://openalex.org/W2139783875","https://openalex.org/W1873415836","https://openalex.org/W4312469487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73],"reliability":[1],"of":[2,11,25,121,169,191,206,214,258],"autonomous":[3,42,51,247,274],"driving":[4,13,43,52,248,275],"sensing":[5],"systems":[6],"impacts":[7],"the":[8,12,81,89,109,114,119,148,157,179,223,254,268],"overall":[9],"safety":[10],"system.":[14],"However,":[15],"perception":[16,44],"system":[17],"fault":[18,234],"diagnosis":[19],"is":[20,182,225],"currently":[21],"a":[22,62,69,93,99,127,133,143,166,188,203,211,237],"weak":[23],"area":[24],"research,":[26],"with":[27,165,187],"limited":[28],"attention":[29],"and":[30,68,78,98,105,107,163,185,210,231,241,244,256,263],"solutions.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,251],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,48,87,125],"present":[36],"an":[37,50],"information-fusion-based":[38],"fault-diagnosis":[39],"method":[40,128,252],"for":[41,152,175,197,239,270],"systems.":[45,249,276],"To":[46],"begin,":[47],"built":[49],"simulation":[53,149],"scenario":[54],"using":[55],"PreScan":[56],"software,":[57],"which":[58],"collects":[59],"information":[60,131,259],"from":[61,92,132],"single":[63,70,94,100,134,144],"millimeter":[64],"wave":[65],"(MMW)":[66],"radar":[67,96,111,136,265],"camera":[71,101,115,145,262],"sensor.":[72,146],"photos":[74],"are":[75],"then":[76],"identified":[77],"labeled":[79],"via":[80],"convolutional":[82],"neural":[83],"network":[84],"(CNN).":[85],"Then,":[86],"fused":[88],"sensory":[90],"inputs":[91],"MMW":[95,110,135,264],"sensor":[97,102,229],"in":[103,139,142,227],"space":[104],"time":[106,168,190,213],"mapped":[108],"points":[112],"onto":[113],"image":[116],"to":[117,129,137,172,194,208,217],"obtain":[118],"region":[120],"interest":[122],"(ROI).":[123],"Lastly,":[124],"developed":[126],"use":[130],"aid":[138],"diagnosing":[140],"defects":[141],"As":[147],"results":[150,221],"show,":[151],"missing":[153],"row/column":[154],"pixel":[155,176],"failure,":[156],"deviation":[158,180,204],"typically":[159],"falls":[160],"between":[161,183,261],"34.11%":[162],"99.84%,":[164],"response":[167,189,212],"0.02":[170],"s":[171,193,216],"1.6":[173],"s;":[174,196],"shift":[177],"faults,":[178],"range":[181,205],"0.32%":[184],"9.92%,":[186],"0":[192,215],"0.16":[195],"target":[198],"color":[199],"loss,":[200],"faults":[201,230],"have":[202],"0.26%":[207],"2.88%":[209],"0.05":[218],"s.":[219],"These":[220],"prove":[222],"technology":[224],"effective":[226],"detecting":[228],"issuing":[232],"real-time":[233],"alerts,":[235],"providing":[236],"basis":[238],"designing":[240],"developing":[242],"simpler":[243],"more":[245,272],"user-friendly":[246],"Furthermore,":[250],"illustrates":[253],"principles":[255],"methods":[257],"fusion":[260],"sensors,":[266],"establishing":[267],"foundation":[269],"creating":[271],"complicated":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
