{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378176535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115045","title":"Adaptive Beam Divergence Control to Mitigate Scintillation Effect Caused by Pointing Error in Vertical FSO Transmissions","display_name":"Adaptive Beam Divergence Control to Mitigate Scintillation Effect Caused by Pointing Error in Vertical FSO Transmissions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378176535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5045/pdf?version=1684938600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5045/pdf?version=1684938600","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101533809","display_name":"Hyemin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5504-4229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hye-Min Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103055279","display_name":"Young-Jin Hyun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0149-7157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Jin Hyun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049176446","display_name":"Sang\u2010Kook Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4373-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Kook Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049176446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"fwci":0.9964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72492318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"11","first_page":"5045","last_page":"5045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scintillation","display_name":"Scintillation","score":0.9195102453231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6348387002944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6195537447929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-divergence","display_name":"Beam divergence","score":0.5888916254043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5323569774627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.47599565982818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4754216969013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.47508278489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.44072195887565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-optics","display_name":"Adaptive optics","score":0.43897637724876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37952011823654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3666030466556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-diameter","display_name":"Beam diameter","score":0.20305335521697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17102685570716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.12756818532943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-beams","display_name":"Laser beams","score":0.10260787606239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.09007841348648071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102637530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078889","display_name":"Scintillation","level":3,"score":0.9195102453231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6348387002944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6195537447929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62172962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230543","display_name":"Beam divergence","level":5,"score":0.5888916254043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5323569774627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47599565982818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4754216969013214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.47508278489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.44072195887565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.43897637724876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37952011823654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3666030466556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119440689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876179","display_name":"Beam diameter","level":4,"score":0.20305335521697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17102685570716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.12756818532943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984025587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser beams","level":3,"score":0.10260787606239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.09007841348648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014887","descriptor_name":"Weather","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014887","descriptor_name":"Weather","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014887","descriptor_name":"Weather","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5045/pdf?version=1684938600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37299772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10255900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10255900","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10255900/pdf/sensors-23-05045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f485ca51cd44f379f71cfeaa214bd58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f485ca51cd44f379f71cfeaa214bd58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 11, p 5045 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23115045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5045/pdf?version=1684938600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3255170280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019- 0-00685","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4586858157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-0-00685","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378176535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378176535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1968221341","https://openalex.org/W2015278374","https://openalex.org/W2031003059","https://openalex.org/W2071596986","https://openalex.org/W2086942026","https://openalex.org/W2090239877","https://openalex.org/W2117235667","https://openalex.org/W2126934601","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2888845466","https://openalex.org/W2891994177","https://openalex.org/W2920253293","https://openalex.org/W2963360098","https://openalex.org/W3027872671","https://openalex.org/W3125929717","https://openalex.org/W3127677270","https://openalex.org/W3152547439","https://openalex.org/W3158522526","https://openalex.org/W3169113824","https://openalex.org/W3171205266","https://openalex.org/W3185069277","https://openalex.org/W3196100019","https://openalex.org/W4205249899","https://openalex.org/W4237168541","https://openalex.org/W4283592640","https://openalex.org/W4289529829","https://openalex.org/W4293093473","https://openalex.org/W4294845471","https://openalex.org/W4324098423","https://openalex.org/W4407273861","https://openalex.org/W6850510847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043660082","https://openalex.org/W2354356421","https://openalex.org/W2040304548","https://openalex.org/W2095561469","https://openalex.org/W2069061296","https://openalex.org/W2021192725","https://openalex.org/W2368470307","https://openalex.org/W2001881550","https://openalex.org/W2380457887","https://openalex.org/W4307466823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Free-space":[0],"optical":[1,46,106],"(FSO)":[2],"communication":[3,17],"has":[4],"been":[5],"studied":[6],"for":[7],"next-generation":[8],"network":[9],"systems.":[10],"Because":[11],"an":[12,90,140],"FSO":[13,37,164],"system":[14],"establishes":[15],"point-to-point":[16],"links,":[18],"maintaining":[19],"alignment":[20],"among":[21],"the":[22,57,73,81,100,104,110,145,148,159],"transceivers":[23,107],"is":[24],"a":[25,120],"critical":[26],"challenge.":[27],"In":[28,68],"addition,":[29],"atmospheric":[30,60],"turbulence":[31,61],"causes":[32],"significant":[33,49],"signal":[34],"loss":[35],"in":[36,41,65,157,162],"vertical":[38,66,163],"links.":[39,67,165],"Even":[40],"clear":[42],"weather":[43],"conditions,":[44],"transmitted":[45],"signals":[47],"suffer":[48],"scintillation":[50,79,113,149,160],"losses":[51],"due":[52,114],"to":[53,99,108,115],"random":[54],"variations.":[55],"Thus,":[56],"effect":[58,111,161],"of":[59,83,112,147],"should":[62],"be":[63,155],"considered":[64],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,88],"analyze":[72],"relationship":[74],"between":[75,103],"pointing":[76,101,116],"error":[77,102],"and":[78,125,144],"from":[80],"aspect":[82],"beam":[84,92,121],"divergence":[85,96,122],"angle.":[86],"Furthermore,":[87],"propose":[89],"adaptive":[91,129],"that":[93],"optimizes":[94],"its":[95],"angle":[97,123],"according":[98],"communicating":[105],"mitigate":[109],"error.":[117],"We":[118],"performed":[119],"optimization":[124],"compared":[126],"it":[127],"with":[128],"beamwidth.":[130],"The":[131,151],"proposed":[132,152],"technique":[133,153],"was":[134],"demonstrated":[135],"using":[136],"simulations,":[137],"which":[138],"revealed":[139],"enhanced":[141],"signal-to-noise":[142],"ratio":[143],"mitigation":[146],"effect.":[150],"would":[154],"useful":[156],"minimizing":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
