{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377293004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","title":"C2RL: Convolutional-Contrastive Learning for Reinforcement Learning Based on Self-Pretraining for Strong Augmentation","display_name":"C2RL: Convolutional-Contrastive Learning for Reinforcement Learning Based on Self-Pretraining for Strong Augmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377293004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4946/pdf?version=1684660410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4946/pdf?version=1684660410","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063000583","display_name":"Sanghoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8201-9246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445004","display_name":"Jihun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0607-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001601713","display_name":"Han\u2010You Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-You Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030767009","display_name":"Tae-Kyoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9629-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Kyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019044787","display_name":"Jinwoo Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinwoo Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automobile and IT Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automobile and IT Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019044787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78183776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4946","last_page":"4946"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.9244126081466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.8832453489303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6943712830543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.6917412281036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6159409880638123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48999539017677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09669485688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0878833532333374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.9244126081466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.8832453489303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6943712830543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.6917412281036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6159409880638123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48999539017677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09669485688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0878833532333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4946/pdf?version=1684660410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10222541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10222541","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10222541/pdf/sensors-23-04946.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:adfe85933d764462b338ac3f09a313b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/adfe85933d764462b338ac3f09a313b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4946 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4946/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4946","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104946","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4946/pdf?version=1684660410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1225283220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1403324975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1510316451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2635774263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3942910960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NRF) grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4645945534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6439837814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8084986156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8488729577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A5A1032937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377293004.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W343636949","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2786036274","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2807588596","https://openalex.org/W2810602713","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2903181768","https://openalex.org/W2963305465","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3015437096","https://openalex.org/W3021708257","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3099518626","https://openalex.org/W3205321526","https://openalex.org/W3211423998","https://openalex.org/W4361802848","https://openalex.org/W6752244597","https://openalex.org/W6776867236","https://openalex.org/W6779326418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501594388","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reinforcement":[0],"learning":[1,26,38,46,72,86,104],"agents":[2],"that":[3,74,122],"have":[4],"not":[5,101],"been":[6],"seen":[7],"during":[8],"training":[9],"must":[10],"be":[11],"robust":[12],"in":[13,24,43,59],"test":[14],"environments.":[15],"However,":[16,55],"the":[17,31,44,60,78,82,91,108,117,123,137],"generalization":[18,50,135],"problem":[19],"is":[20],"challenging":[21],"to":[22,51],"solve":[23],"reinforcement":[25,45,65,85,103],"using":[27],"high-dimensional":[28],"images":[29,62],"as":[30],"input.":[32],"The":[33],"addition":[34],"of":[35,84,114],"a":[36,52,70,133],"self-supervised":[37],"framework":[39],"with":[40],"data":[41,92,129],"augmentation":[42,93,99,130],"architecture":[47],"can":[48,75],"promote":[49],"certain":[53],"extent.":[54],"excessively":[56],"large":[57],"changes":[58],"input":[61],"may":[63],"disturb":[64,102],"learning.":[66],"Therefore,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"contrastive":[71],"method":[73,125],"help":[76],"manage":[77],"trade-off":[79],"relationship":[80],"between":[81],"performance":[83],"and":[87,105,131],"auxiliary":[88,109],"tasks":[89],"against":[90],"strength.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"framework,":[97],"strong":[98,128],"does":[100],"instead":[106],"maximizes":[107],"effect":[110],"for":[111],"generalization.":[112],"Results":[113],"experiments":[115],"on":[116],"DeepMind":[118],"Control":[119],"suite":[120],"demonstrate":[121],"proposed":[124],"effectively":[126],"uses":[127],"achieves":[132],"higher":[134],"than":[136],"existing":[138],"methods.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}