{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377138832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","title":"Efficient Convolutional Neural Network-Based Keystroke Dynamics for Boosting User Authentication","display_name":"Efficient Convolutional Neural Network-Based Keystroke Dynamics for Boosting User Authentication","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377138832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4898/pdf?version=1684810560","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4898/pdf?version=1684810560","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087536636","display_name":"Hussien AbdelRaouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1059-9300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hussien AbdelRaouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064393648","display_name":"Samia Allaoua Chelloug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-0235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samia Allaoua Chelloug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-0235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024357714","display_name":"Ammar Muthanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126527374","display_name":"Peoples' Friendship University of Russia","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn9h927","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129897247","display_name":"Russian New University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gj2kk32","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129897247"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Muthanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Probability and Informatics, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Probability and Informatics, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374","https://openalex.org/I3129897247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019091374","display_name":"Noura A. Semary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-9546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noura Semary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-9546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083613846","display_name":"Khalid Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-8827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086801132","display_name":"Mina Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-6851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mina Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-6851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064393648","https://openalex.org/A5087536636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892","https://openalex.org/I63601056"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":8.8046,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97590875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4898","last_page":"4898"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8249270915985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","score":0.8091466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6136234998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.602894127368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.5401822924613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.522770881652832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48640015721321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4673213064670563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46251121163368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.428399920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.41408300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32446426153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.18556135892868042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8249270915985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.8091466426849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6136234998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.602894127368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.5401822924613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.522770881652832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48640015721321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4673213064670563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46251121163368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.428399920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41408300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32446426153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.18556135892868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4898/pdf?version=1684810560","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10220835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10220835","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10220835/pdf/sensors-23-04898.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b39fe04dd4c54c95a086842693e73bd3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b39fe04dd4c54c95a086842693e73bd3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4898 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4898/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4898","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104898","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4898/pdf?version=1684810560","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1284892852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329913","display_name":"RUDN University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn9h927"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377138832.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2031859404","https://openalex.org/W2045011071","https://openalex.org/W2075330646","https://openalex.org/W2086620637","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2111303254","https://openalex.org/W2149723127","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2752400720","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2888828732","https://openalex.org/W2904002230","https://openalex.org/W2944894565","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2974280033","https://openalex.org/W2995167769","https://openalex.org/W3014620118","https://openalex.org/W3036515778","https://openalex.org/W3087879921","https://openalex.org/W3139261556","https://openalex.org/W3144793756","https://openalex.org/W3170171837","https://openalex.org/W4207078255","https://openalex.org/W4283825262","https://openalex.org/W4294832764","https://openalex.org/W4298395360","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750729320","https://openalex.org/W6844438146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W3094144434","https://openalex.org/W2159333170","https://openalex.org/W3169822312","https://openalex.org/W2155670618","https://openalex.org/W274642192","https://openalex.org/W2095735921","https://openalex.org/W2545016324","https://openalex.org/W4283259439","https://openalex.org/W2982224826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"safeguarding":[1],"of":[2,7,23,47,78,162,170,180],"online":[3],"services":[4],"and":[5,118,138,172],"prevention":[6],"unauthorized":[8],"access":[9],"by":[10,30,35,114],"hackers":[11],"rely":[12],"heavily":[13],"on":[14,43,186],"user":[15,91],"authentication,":[16,48],"which":[17,49],"is":[18,28,50,56,73,81,108,129],"considered":[19,51],"a":[20,44,57,82],"crucial":[21],"aspect":[22],"security.":[24],"Currently,":[25],"multi-factor":[26],"authentication":[27,97],"used":[29,60,130],"enterprises":[31],"to":[32,61,67,110,121,153],"enhance":[33],"security":[34],"integrating":[36],"multiple":[37],"verification":[38],"methods":[39],"rather":[40],"than":[41],"relying":[42],"single":[45],"method":[46],"less":[52],"secure.":[53],"Keystroke":[54],"dynamics":[55],"behavioral":[58],"characteristic":[59],"evaluate":[62,154],"an":[63,102,125,159,164,173],"individual's":[64],"typing":[65],"patterns":[66],"verify":[68],"their":[69],"legitimacy.":[70],"This":[71,99],"technique":[72,128],"preferred":[74],"because":[75],"the":[76,96,132,136,155,177,187],"acquisition":[77],"such":[79],"data":[80,116],"simple":[83],"process":[84],"that":[85,107],"does":[86],"not":[87],"require":[88],"any":[89],"additional":[90],"effort":[92],"or":[93],"equipment":[94],"during":[95],"process.":[98],"study":[100],"proposes":[101],"optimized":[103],"convolutional":[104],"neural":[105],"network":[106],"designed":[109],"extract":[111],"improved":[112],"features":[113],"utilizing":[115],"synthesization":[117],"quantile":[119],"transformation":[120],"maximize":[122],"results.":[123],"Additionally,":[124],"ensemble":[126],"learning":[127],"as":[131],"main":[133],"algorithm":[134],"for":[135],"training":[137],"testing":[139],"phases.":[140],"A":[141],"publicly":[142],"available":[143],"benchmark":[144],"dataset":[145],"from":[146],"Carnegie":[147],"Mellon":[148],"University":[149],"(CMU)":[150],"was":[151],"utilized":[152],"proposed":[156],"method,":[157],"achieving":[158],"average":[160,165,174],"accuracy":[161],"99.95%,":[163],"equal":[166],"error":[167],"rate":[168],"(EER)":[169],"0.65%,":[171],"area":[175],"under":[176],"curve":[178],"(AUC)":[179],"99.99%,":[181],"surpassing":[182],"recent":[183],"advancements":[184],"made":[185],"CMU":[188],"dataset.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
